"Iceland Rises as Its Glaciers Melt From Climate Change" (2015-01-29) [https://archive.today/Z153D]
* "Did the Anthropocene begin with the nuclear age?" (2015-01-15) [http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/press-releases/2015/january/did-the-anthropocene-begin-with-the-nuclear-age] [https://archive.today/9kUUl]
===*===*===
* "Scandinavians are the earliest Europeans: Scientists have sequenced a 37,000-year-old genome. The results show that present-day Scandinavians are the closest living relatives to the first people in Europe" (2014-11-19) [http://sciencenordic.com/scandinavians-are-earliest-europeans] [https://archive.today/7Idn3]
* "Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years" (2014-10-08) [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/11/05/science.aaa0114.abstract] [https://archive.today/tuQqS], [begin abstract]: The origin of contemporary Europeans remains contentious. We obtain a genome sequence from Kostenki 14 in European Russia dating to 38,700 to 36,200 years ago, one of the oldest fossils of Anatomically Modern Humans from Europe. We find that K14 shares a close ancestry with the 24,000-year-old Mal’ta boy from central Siberia, European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, some contemporary western Siberians, and many Europeans, but not eastern Asians. Additionally, the Kostenki 14 genome shows evidence of shared ancestry with a population basal to all Eurasians that also relates to later European Neolithic farmers. We find that Kostenki 14 contains more Neandertal DNA that is contained in longer tracts than present Europeans. Our findings reveal the timing of divergence of western Eurasians and East Asians to be more than 36,200 years ago and that European genomic structure today dates back to the Upper Paleolithic and derives from a meta-population that at times stretched from Europe to central Asia. [end excerpt]
===*===*===
Quote originally in Spanish, published in "Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España" (vol. 5, p. 380), and trans. Philip Ainsworth Means (1921, p. 430): "The Indian women of the Guancas and Chachapoyas and Cañares were the common women, most of them being beautiful. The rest of the womanhood of this kingdom were thick, neither beautiful nor ugly, but of medium good-looks. The people of this kingdom of Peru were white, swarthy in colour, and among them the Lords and Ladies were whiter than Spaniards. I saw in this land an Indian woman and a child who would not stand out among white blonds. These people [of the upper class] say that they were the children of the idols."
* "Africa, Uncolonized: A Detailed Look at an Alternate Continent" [http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/africa-uncolonized] [https://archive.today/Td5sL]
Hi-Rez version [http://cyon.se/Alkebu-lan_1260AH_HiRez.jpg]
China: 4500 BCE
* "Chinese civilization may have begun 2,400 years earlier than previously thought" (2015-01-13) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/chinese-civilization-may-have-begun-2400-years-earlier-020161] [https://archive.today/0ESxd]
Li Ching-Yuen was a Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor who lived to the ripe old age of 256 and sired 200 descendants during his life span, surviving 23 wives. Ching-Yuen lived off a diet of herbs and rice wine inculding lingzhi, goji berry, wild ginseng, he shou wu and gotu kola. In a 1930 New York Times article, Professor Wu Chung-chieh of the University of Chengdu discovered Imperial Chinese government records from 1827, congratulating one Li Ching-Yuen on his 150th birthday, and further documents later congratulating him on his 200th birthday in 1877 (Wikipedia, 2013).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen]
* "Elongated Skulls in utero: A Farewell to the Artificial Cranial Deformation Paradigm?" (2015-01-03) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/elongated-skulls-utero-farewell-artificial-cranial-deformation-paradigm-002526] [https://archive.today/1HPB7]
Homo sapiens cognatus
* "Another Human Hybrid? The Controversy Continues One Year Later" (2014-02-14) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/another-human-hybrid-controversy-continues-one-year-later-001340] [https://archive.today/ZlW0Y]
* "Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes" [http://sasquatchgenomeproject.org/data/documents/Novel-North-American-Hominins-Final-PDF-download.pdf]
* DNA test results [http://sasquatchgenomeproject.org/view-dna-study/]
It was a year ago today that a bold and controversial study claiming to have sequenced three whole genomes from the species known as Sasquatch or Bigfoot was published, titled ‘Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes’. This study was met with outrage by some scientists, while much of the scientific community ignored it altogether. Some scientists supported it, but most were afraid of what would happen to their careers if they openly supported a study claiming to have proven the existence of the much stigmatized and controversial Sasquatch. Yet upon examination of the paper, it can be seen that it was a huge multidisciplinary effort involving a dozen labs and blind studies, and carried out by nine highly qualified scientists, aimed at quelling controversy about the discovery.
Dr. Melba Ketchum of Nacogdoches, Texas, a veterinarian, forensic scientist, and the lead author of the study, claims that the crux of what has the scientific community is in an uproar about is that the samples had human mitochondrial DNA (maternal lineage), while the nuclear DNA (paternal lineage) was a structural mosaic consisting of both human DNA and novel non-human DNA, which did not match any known species in GenBank. The paternal lineage suggests a distantly related hominin that evolved separately from humans, apes and other primates but evolved to the point where it could interbred with humans. A year ago, this might have been difficult for many scientists to believe, but with the recent studies touting that unknown DNA has been found in ancient hominins which bred with humans, one has to wonder if their hypothesis is as far off as some believe.
Last year, we reported on the results of genetic research which revealed that the genome of one of our ancient ancestors, the Denisovans, contains a segment of DNA that seems to have come from another species that is currently unknown to science. Several recent studies have also revealed that modern humans are a product of hybridization, with remnants of Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes in our DNA. This research leads us to realize that our understanding of the origins of modern humans is much murkier than we ever thought possible. This also begs the question, if we are hybrids already, could there be extant human hybrids currently on earth besides us?
ANCIENT DINOSAURS?
The non-fossilized tissue contained in dinosaur bones are being tested using carbon-14, used to date living tissue up to 50,000 years old. Although carbon-14 dating does not work on fossilized bones, the blood and tissue found within the fossilized bones are puzzling scientists as the tissue is not supposed to survive for millions of years, the consensus being that it is impossible. And the dating of the non-fossilized tissue is contradicting the accepted fact that dinosaurs are millions of years old.
Most of the sources provided in the following section is from mainstream, peer-reviewed scientific sources (except for the first link). The recent development of this mystery has caused quite a stir.
* "Triceratops Horn Dated to 33,500 Years" (2015-01-10) [archive.is/Kcr8Q]
---
"Dinosaur Shocker Probing a 68-million-year-old T. rex, Mary Schweitzer stumbled upon astonishing signs of life that may radically change our view of the ancient beasts" (2006-05, smithsonianmag.com) [archive.is/toPIz].
Photo showing soft tissue recovered from a Tyranosaurus Rex bone, from Smithsonian museum
---
* "Molecular analysis supports controversial claim for dinosaur cells; New evidence adds heat to the argument over prehistoric dinosaur tissue" (2012-10-22, nature.com) [archive.is/VeQnY] [begin excerpt]: Twenty years ago, paleontologist Mary Schweitzer made an astonishing discovery. Peering through a microscope at a slice of dinosaur bone, she spotted what looked for all the world like red blood cells. It seemed utterly impossible—organic remains were not supposed to survive the fossilization process—but test after test indicated that the spherical structures were indeed red blood cells from a 67-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex. In the years that followed, she and her colleagues discovered other apparent soft tissues, including what seem to be blood vessels and feather fibers. But controversy accompanied their claims. Skeptics argued that the alleged organic tissues were instead biofilm—slime formed by microbes that invaded the fossilized bone.
Schweitzer and her colleagues have continued to amass support for their interpretation. The latest evidence comes from a molecular analysis of what look to be bone cells, or osteocytes, from T. rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis. The researchers isolated the possible osteocytes and subjected them to several tests. When they exposed the cell-like structures to an antibody that targets a protein called PHEX found only in bird osteocytes* (birds are descended from dinosaurs), the structures reacted, as would be expected of dinosaur osteocytes. And when the team subjected the supposed dinosaur cells to other antibodies that target DNA, the antibodies bound to material in small, specific regions inside the apparent cell membrane.
Furthermore, using a technique called mass spectrometry, the investigators found amino acid sequences of proteins in extracts of the dinosaur bone that matched sequences from proteins called actin, tubulin and histone4 that are present in the cells of all animals. Although some microbes have proteins that are similar to actin and tubulin, the researchers note that soil-derived E. coli as well as sediments that surrounded the two dinosaur specimens failed to bind to the actin and tubulin antibodies that bound to the extract containing the apparent osteocytes.
[end excerpt]
* "Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules" scientific peer-reviewed paper from Mary Higby Schweitzer, Wenxia Zheng, Timothy P. Cleland, Marshall Bern (2012-08-24, thebonejournal.com) [archive.is/DtPI5]
---
* "Hard times for soft tissues: Dinosaur soft parts reinterpreted as bacterial biofilms" (2008, burkemuseum.org) [archive.is/Lfq81], full scientific article (2008-06) [archive.is/bFyBr].
This is the strongest alternative explanation for the existance of soft-tissue found within dinosaur bones. The explanation has been debunked upon further testing of soft-tissue found within other fossilized bones, with blood cells discovers similar to birds.
---
* "Lawsuit: CSUN Scientist Fired After Soft Tissue Found On Dinosaur Fossil" (2014-07-24, losangeles.cbslocal.com) [archive.is/KWH4F], [begin excerpt]: While at the Hell Creek Formation excavation site in Montana, researcher Mark Armitage discovered what he believed to be the largest triceratops horn ever unearthed at the site, according to attorney Brad Dacus of Pacific Justice Institute.
Upon examination of the horn under a high-powered microscope back at CSUN, Dacus says Armitage was “fascinated” to find soft tissue on the sample – a discovery Bacus said stunned members of the school’s biology department and even some students “because it indicates that dinosaurs roamed the earth only thousands of years in the past rather than going extinct 60 million years ago.”
* "Soft sheets of fibrillar bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus" scientific peer-reviewed paper from Mark Hollis Armitagea, Kevin Lee Anderson (2013-01, sciencedirect.com) [archive.is/BZXQp], [begin abstract]: Soft fibrillar bone tissues were obtained from a supraorbital horn of Triceratops horridus collected at the Hell Creek Formation in Montana, USA. Soft material was present in pre and post-decalcified bone. Horn material yielded numerous small sheets of lamellar bone matrix. This matrix possessed visible microstructures consistent with lamellar bone osteocytes. Some sheets of soft tissue had multiple layers of intact tissues with osteocyte-like structures featuring filipodial-like interconnections and secondary branching. Both oblate and stellate types of osteocyte-like cells were present in sheets of soft tissues and exhibited organelle-like microstructures. SEM analysis yielded osteocyte-like cells featuring filipodial extensions of 18–20 μm in length. Filipodial extensions were delicate and showed no evidence of any permineralization or crystallization artifact and therefore were interpreted to be soft. This is the first report of sheets of soft tissues from Triceratops horn bearing layers of osteocytes, and extends the range and type of dinosaur specimens known to contain non-fossilized material in bone matrix.
[end abstract]
---
The following article mentions soft-tissue found preserved at a dinosaur bone site in China, although the preservation of soft-tissue does not specifically refer to blood or cardlidge, and instead may reference the impressions of skin left on the mineral matrix of the fossil, However, considering the facts present so far in this section, the presence of genuine soft-tissue may not be discounted.
* "China's 'Jurassic Park' yields more feathered dinosaurs, the earliest swimming mammal and strange salamanders" (2014-03-06, dailymail.co.uk) [archive.is/RN8hx], [begin excerpt]: Dr Corwin Sullivan, of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology in Beijing, said: ‘The Daohugou Biota gives us a look at a rarely glimpsed side of the Middle to Late Jurassic.
‘This is not a parade of galumphing giants but an assemblage of quirky little creatures like feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs with “advanced” heads on “primitive” bodies and the Mesozoic equivalent of a flying squirrel.’
Almost more impressive than the diversity of the biota is the preservation of many of the vertebrate specimens, according to the study published in the Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology.
Fossils include complete or nearly-complete skeletons associated with preserved soft tissues such as feathers, fur, skin or even, in some of the salamanders, external gills.
One is the feathered dinosaur Epidexipteryx whose soft tissues have been revealed by the use of ultraviolet light scanners.
A fossil of the salamander Chunerpeton shows not only the preserved skeleton but also its skin and external gills.
[end excerpt]
Photos from the article:
A feathered dinosaur, Epidexipteryx, was found at the site. The inset shows feathers and soft tissues revealed by the use of ultraviolet light
A fossil of the salamander Chunerpeton shows not only the preserved skeleton but also its skin and external gills (pictured)
* Etzalcualiztli: Mexica (Aztec) month of the Workers and Lower-Classes [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6737/]. This month, identified as early June with the astrological symbol of the crab or Cancer, is called Etzalcualiztli (Meal of Maize and Beans). The patron god of this month was the rain god, Tlaloc. The attributes of Tlaloc include the handled water jar, the eye and mouth rims, and the corn stalk.
* The Aztec Tonalpohualli Calendar [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6732/]
* The Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6760/]
From [https://www.facebook.com/PhilippinesShockingHistory]:
Mummified remains of the Igorots, a tribe from the Sagada Mountain in the Northern Philippines. It is said that the Igorots practiced cannibalism
An Ivatan woman wearing a "vacul", an abaca fiber-made headgear for sunlight and rain protection.
(Photos from Basco Batanes)
The Ivatans are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group predominant in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines. The origins of the Ivatans remained untraced among scholars. Ivatans were free before they were colonized by the Spaniards.
The culture of the Ivatans is partly influenced by the environmental condition of Batanes. Unlike the old-type nipa huts common in the Philippines, Ivatans have adopted their now-famous stone houses made of limestone, designed to protect against the hostile climate..
Documents do not show much about the history of the Ivatans and at present, scholars who study their origins are still unsure as to their exact origin. They question whether the pre-historic Ivatans came from the northern part of Luzon or southern portions of China and Taiwan. There is evidence that they might be a surviving Christianized remnant of a people that once resided on all the islands between Luzon and Taiwan. However, they have considered the close racial resemblance of the Ivatans to the Malays and the structure of their language could mean they came from other parts of the Philippines. Tracing their roots through Batanes' folklores, genetic studies of Omoto, a Japanese anthropologist, of the Yami of Orchid Island (Lanyu) show closer genetic affinity of the Yami to the Tagalog and Visayan and linguistically to the Batanic (Bashiic) sub-branch of the Malayo-Polynesian branch
* "More than a million mummies found in ancient Roman cemetery" (2014-12-18) [http://www.terradaily.com/reports/More_than_a_million_mummies_found_in_ancient_Roman_cemetery_999.html] [https://archive.today/lbF0m]
* "Researchers date oldest stone tool ever found in Turkey" (2014-12-23) [http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Researchers_date_oldest_stone_tool_ever_found_in_Turkey_999.html] [https://archive.today/lT6vR]
* "Lightweight skeletons of modern humans have recent origin" (2014-12-22) [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-12/amon-lso121914.php] [https://archive.today/7KKjQ]
===*===*===
* "Scandinavians are the earliest Europeans: Scientists have sequenced a 37,000-year-old genome. The results show that present-day Scandinavians are the closest living relatives to the first people in Europe" (2014-11-19) [http://sciencenordic.com/scandinavians-are-earliest-europeans] [https://archive.today/7Idn3]
* "Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years" (2014-10-08) [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2014/11/05/science.aaa0114.abstract] [https://archive.today/tuQqS], [begin abstract]: The origin of contemporary Europeans remains contentious. We obtain a genome sequence from Kostenki 14 in European Russia dating to 38,700 to 36,200 years ago, one of the oldest fossils of Anatomically Modern Humans from Europe. We find that K14 shares a close ancestry with the 24,000-year-old Mal’ta boy from central Siberia, European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, some contemporary western Siberians, and many Europeans, but not eastern Asians. Additionally, the Kostenki 14 genome shows evidence of shared ancestry with a population basal to all Eurasians that also relates to later European Neolithic farmers. We find that Kostenki 14 contains more Neandertal DNA that is contained in longer tracts than present Europeans. Our findings reveal the timing of divergence of western Eurasians and East Asians to be more than 36,200 years ago and that European genomic structure today dates back to the Upper Paleolithic and derives from a meta-population that at times stretched from Europe to central Asia. [end excerpt]
===*===*===
Quote originally in Spanish, published in "Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España" (vol. 5, p. 380), and trans. Philip Ainsworth Means (1921, p. 430): "The Indian women of the Guancas and Chachapoyas and Cañares were the common women, most of them being beautiful. The rest of the womanhood of this kingdom were thick, neither beautiful nor ugly, but of medium good-looks. The people of this kingdom of Peru were white, swarthy in colour, and among them the Lords and Ladies were whiter than Spaniards. I saw in this land an Indian woman and a child who would not stand out among white blonds. These people [of the upper class] say that they were the children of the idols."
* "Africa, Uncolonized: A Detailed Look at an Alternate Continent" [http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/africa-uncolonized] [https://archive.today/Td5sL]
Hi-Rez version [http://cyon.se/Alkebu-lan_1260AH_HiRez.jpg]
China: 4500 BCE
* "Chinese civilization may have begun 2,400 years earlier than previously thought" (2015-01-13) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/chinese-civilization-may-have-begun-2400-years-earlier-020161] [https://archive.today/0ESxd]
Li Ching-Yuen was a Chinese herbalist, martial artist and tactical advisor who lived to the ripe old age of 256 and sired 200 descendants during his life span, surviving 23 wives. Ching-Yuen lived off a diet of herbs and rice wine inculding lingzhi, goji berry, wild ginseng, he shou wu and gotu kola. In a 1930 New York Times article, Professor Wu Chung-chieh of the University of Chengdu discovered Imperial Chinese government records from 1827, congratulating one Li Ching-Yuen on his 150th birthday, and further documents later congratulating him on his 200th birthday in 1877 (Wikipedia, 2013).
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen]
* "Elongated Skulls in utero: A Farewell to the Artificial Cranial Deformation Paradigm?" (2015-01-03) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/elongated-skulls-utero-farewell-artificial-cranial-deformation-paradigm-002526] [https://archive.today/1HPB7]
Homo sapiens cognatus
* "Another Human Hybrid? The Controversy Continues One Year Later" (2014-02-14) [http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/another-human-hybrid-controversy-continues-one-year-later-001340] [https://archive.today/ZlW0Y]
* "Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes" [http://sasquatchgenomeproject.org/data/documents/Novel-North-American-Hominins-Final-PDF-download.pdf]
* DNA test results [http://sasquatchgenomeproject.org/view-dna-study/]
It was a year ago today that a bold and controversial study claiming to have sequenced three whole genomes from the species known as Sasquatch or Bigfoot was published, titled ‘Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes’. This study was met with outrage by some scientists, while much of the scientific community ignored it altogether. Some scientists supported it, but most were afraid of what would happen to their careers if they openly supported a study claiming to have proven the existence of the much stigmatized and controversial Sasquatch. Yet upon examination of the paper, it can be seen that it was a huge multidisciplinary effort involving a dozen labs and blind studies, and carried out by nine highly qualified scientists, aimed at quelling controversy about the discovery.
Dr. Melba Ketchum of Nacogdoches, Texas, a veterinarian, forensic scientist, and the lead author of the study, claims that the crux of what has the scientific community is in an uproar about is that the samples had human mitochondrial DNA (maternal lineage), while the nuclear DNA (paternal lineage) was a structural mosaic consisting of both human DNA and novel non-human DNA, which did not match any known species in GenBank. The paternal lineage suggests a distantly related hominin that evolved separately from humans, apes and other primates but evolved to the point where it could interbred with humans. A year ago, this might have been difficult for many scientists to believe, but with the recent studies touting that unknown DNA has been found in ancient hominins which bred with humans, one has to wonder if their hypothesis is as far off as some believe.
Last year, we reported on the results of genetic research which revealed that the genome of one of our ancient ancestors, the Denisovans, contains a segment of DNA that seems to have come from another species that is currently unknown to science. Several recent studies have also revealed that modern humans are a product of hybridization, with remnants of Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes in our DNA. This research leads us to realize that our understanding of the origins of modern humans is much murkier than we ever thought possible. This also begs the question, if we are hybrids already, could there be extant human hybrids currently on earth besides us?
ANCIENT DINOSAURS?
The non-fossilized tissue contained in dinosaur bones are being tested using carbon-14, used to date living tissue up to 50,000 years old. Although carbon-14 dating does not work on fossilized bones, the blood and tissue found within the fossilized bones are puzzling scientists as the tissue is not supposed to survive for millions of years, the consensus being that it is impossible. And the dating of the non-fossilized tissue is contradicting the accepted fact that dinosaurs are millions of years old.
Most of the sources provided in the following section is from mainstream, peer-reviewed scientific sources (except for the first link). The recent development of this mystery has caused quite a stir.
* "Triceratops Horn Dated to 33,500 Years" (2015-01-10) [archive.is/Kcr8Q]
---
"Dinosaur Shocker Probing a 68-million-year-old T. rex, Mary Schweitzer stumbled upon astonishing signs of life that may radically change our view of the ancient beasts" (2006-05, smithsonianmag.com) [archive.is/toPIz].
Photo showing soft tissue recovered from a Tyranosaurus Rex bone, from Smithsonian museum
---
* "Molecular analysis supports controversial claim for dinosaur cells; New evidence adds heat to the argument over prehistoric dinosaur tissue" (2012-10-22, nature.com) [archive.is/VeQnY] [begin excerpt]: Twenty years ago, paleontologist Mary Schweitzer made an astonishing discovery. Peering through a microscope at a slice of dinosaur bone, she spotted what looked for all the world like red blood cells. It seemed utterly impossible—organic remains were not supposed to survive the fossilization process—but test after test indicated that the spherical structures were indeed red blood cells from a 67-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex. In the years that followed, she and her colleagues discovered other apparent soft tissues, including what seem to be blood vessels and feather fibers. But controversy accompanied their claims. Skeptics argued that the alleged organic tissues were instead biofilm—slime formed by microbes that invaded the fossilized bone.
Schweitzer and her colleagues have continued to amass support for their interpretation. The latest evidence comes from a molecular analysis of what look to be bone cells, or osteocytes, from T. rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis. The researchers isolated the possible osteocytes and subjected them to several tests. When they exposed the cell-like structures to an antibody that targets a protein called PHEX found only in bird osteocytes* (birds are descended from dinosaurs), the structures reacted, as would be expected of dinosaur osteocytes. And when the team subjected the supposed dinosaur cells to other antibodies that target DNA, the antibodies bound to material in small, specific regions inside the apparent cell membrane.
Furthermore, using a technique called mass spectrometry, the investigators found amino acid sequences of proteins in extracts of the dinosaur bone that matched sequences from proteins called actin, tubulin and histone4 that are present in the cells of all animals. Although some microbes have proteins that are similar to actin and tubulin, the researchers note that soil-derived E. coli as well as sediments that surrounded the two dinosaur specimens failed to bind to the actin and tubulin antibodies that bound to the extract containing the apparent osteocytes.
[end excerpt]
* "Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules" scientific peer-reviewed paper from Mary Higby Schweitzer, Wenxia Zheng, Timothy P. Cleland, Marshall Bern (2012-08-24, thebonejournal.com) [archive.is/DtPI5]
---
* "Hard times for soft tissues: Dinosaur soft parts reinterpreted as bacterial biofilms" (2008, burkemuseum.org) [archive.is/Lfq81], full scientific article (2008-06) [archive.is/bFyBr].
This is the strongest alternative explanation for the existance of soft-tissue found within dinosaur bones. The explanation has been debunked upon further testing of soft-tissue found within other fossilized bones, with blood cells discovers similar to birds.
---
* "Lawsuit: CSUN Scientist Fired After Soft Tissue Found On Dinosaur Fossil" (2014-07-24, losangeles.cbslocal.com) [archive.is/KWH4F], [begin excerpt]: While at the Hell Creek Formation excavation site in Montana, researcher Mark Armitage discovered what he believed to be the largest triceratops horn ever unearthed at the site, according to attorney Brad Dacus of Pacific Justice Institute.
Upon examination of the horn under a high-powered microscope back at CSUN, Dacus says Armitage was “fascinated” to find soft tissue on the sample – a discovery Bacus said stunned members of the school’s biology department and even some students “because it indicates that dinosaurs roamed the earth only thousands of years in the past rather than going extinct 60 million years ago.”
* "Soft sheets of fibrillar bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus" scientific peer-reviewed paper from Mark Hollis Armitagea, Kevin Lee Anderson (2013-01, sciencedirect.com) [archive.is/BZXQp], [begin abstract]: Soft fibrillar bone tissues were obtained from a supraorbital horn of Triceratops horridus collected at the Hell Creek Formation in Montana, USA. Soft material was present in pre and post-decalcified bone. Horn material yielded numerous small sheets of lamellar bone matrix. This matrix possessed visible microstructures consistent with lamellar bone osteocytes. Some sheets of soft tissue had multiple layers of intact tissues with osteocyte-like structures featuring filipodial-like interconnections and secondary branching. Both oblate and stellate types of osteocyte-like cells were present in sheets of soft tissues and exhibited organelle-like microstructures. SEM analysis yielded osteocyte-like cells featuring filipodial extensions of 18–20 μm in length. Filipodial extensions were delicate and showed no evidence of any permineralization or crystallization artifact and therefore were interpreted to be soft. This is the first report of sheets of soft tissues from Triceratops horn bearing layers of osteocytes, and extends the range and type of dinosaur specimens known to contain non-fossilized material in bone matrix.
[end abstract]
---
The following article mentions soft-tissue found preserved at a dinosaur bone site in China, although the preservation of soft-tissue does not specifically refer to blood or cardlidge, and instead may reference the impressions of skin left on the mineral matrix of the fossil, However, considering the facts present so far in this section, the presence of genuine soft-tissue may not be discounted.
* "China's 'Jurassic Park' yields more feathered dinosaurs, the earliest swimming mammal and strange salamanders" (2014-03-06, dailymail.co.uk) [archive.is/RN8hx], [begin excerpt]: Dr Corwin Sullivan, of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology in Beijing, said: ‘The Daohugou Biota gives us a look at a rarely glimpsed side of the Middle to Late Jurassic.
‘This is not a parade of galumphing giants but an assemblage of quirky little creatures like feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs with “advanced” heads on “primitive” bodies and the Mesozoic equivalent of a flying squirrel.’
Almost more impressive than the diversity of the biota is the preservation of many of the vertebrate specimens, according to the study published in the Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology.
Fossils include complete or nearly-complete skeletons associated with preserved soft tissues such as feathers, fur, skin or even, in some of the salamanders, external gills.
One is the feathered dinosaur Epidexipteryx whose soft tissues have been revealed by the use of ultraviolet light scanners.
A fossil of the salamander Chunerpeton shows not only the preserved skeleton but also its skin and external gills.
[end excerpt]
Photos from the article:
A feathered dinosaur, Epidexipteryx, was found at the site. The inset shows feathers and soft tissues revealed by the use of ultraviolet light
A fossil of the salamander Chunerpeton shows not only the preserved skeleton but also its skin and external gills (pictured)
* Etzalcualiztli: Mexica (Aztec) month of the Workers and Lower-Classes [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6737/]. This month, identified as early June with the astrological symbol of the crab or Cancer, is called Etzalcualiztli (Meal of Maize and Beans). The patron god of this month was the rain god, Tlaloc. The attributes of Tlaloc include the handled water jar, the eye and mouth rims, and the corn stalk.
* The Aztec Tonalpohualli Calendar [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6732/]
* The Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/6760/]
From [https://www.facebook.com/PhilippinesShockingHistory]:
Mummified remains of the Igorots, a tribe from the Sagada Mountain in the Northern Philippines. It is said that the Igorots practiced cannibalism
An Ivatan woman wearing a "vacul", an abaca fiber-made headgear for sunlight and rain protection.
(Photos from Basco Batanes)
The Ivatans are a Filipino ethnolinguistic group predominant in the Batanes Islands of the Philippines. The origins of the Ivatans remained untraced among scholars. Ivatans were free before they were colonized by the Spaniards.
The culture of the Ivatans is partly influenced by the environmental condition of Batanes. Unlike the old-type nipa huts common in the Philippines, Ivatans have adopted their now-famous stone houses made of limestone, designed to protect against the hostile climate..
Documents do not show much about the history of the Ivatans and at present, scholars who study their origins are still unsure as to their exact origin. They question whether the pre-historic Ivatans came from the northern part of Luzon or southern portions of China and Taiwan. There is evidence that they might be a surviving Christianized remnant of a people that once resided on all the islands between Luzon and Taiwan. However, they have considered the close racial resemblance of the Ivatans to the Malays and the structure of their language could mean they came from other parts of the Philippines. Tracing their roots through Batanes' folklores, genetic studies of Omoto, a Japanese anthropologist, of the Yami of Orchid Island (Lanyu) show closer genetic affinity of the Yami to the Tagalog and Visayan and linguistically to the Batanic (Bashiic) sub-branch of the Malayo-Polynesian branch
* "More than a million mummies found in ancient Roman cemetery" (2014-12-18) [http://www.terradaily.com/reports/More_than_a_million_mummies_found_in_ancient_Roman_cemetery_999.html] [https://archive.today/lbF0m]
* "Researchers date oldest stone tool ever found in Turkey" (2014-12-23) [http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Researchers_date_oldest_stone_tool_ever_found_in_Turkey_999.html] [https://archive.today/lT6vR]
* "Lightweight skeletons of modern humans have recent origin" (2014-12-22) [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-12/amon-lso121914.php] [https://archive.today/7KKjQ]
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