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Broadcast Thursdays at 89.5 FM KZCT in Vallejo, California, to a worldwide audience.
Introductory track: Covenant - Ritual Noise [youtube.com/watch?v=dnlGEQ1NUsk]
Science & Futurism
* "Sri Lanka launches first 3D printer to design, produce artificial body parts" (2019-09-18, xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/18/c_138402372.htm) [archive.is/OvtNO]
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* "MIT lab’s visionary ‘food computer’ project may be ‘selling fantasy’ to millennials and donors" (2019-09-23, rt.com/news/469392-food-computer-mit-lab/) [archive.fo/gTn1H]
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Space News
"NASA Administrator: Alien Life Is More Likely Than We Thought" (2019, futurism.com) [archive.is/d6n46]
* "Friends of Tabby’s star? Astronomers discover 21 potential ‘ALIEN megastructure’ stars" (2019-09-20, rt.com/news/469222-new-alien-megastructure-stars-discovered/) [archive.is/Jsbqv]
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* " ‘Hellish hot-house’ Venus could have been habitable before major surface devastation – new research" (2019-09-23, rt.com/news/469390-venus-once-habitable-study/) [archive.fo/dLoZC]
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* "Mysterious magnetic pulses & evidence of groundwater discovered on Mars" (2019-09-21, rt.com/news/469285-mars-magnetic-field-water-insight/) [archive.fo/bHiII]
* "A High Probability of Life Mars: The Consensus of 70 Experts in Fungi, Lichens, Geomorphology, Mineralogy (Preliminary and Interim Report)" (by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/LifeOnMarsStudy1.html) [archive.fo/Tr7H5]
* "Apothecia on Mars? Life Discovered on the Red Planet. Martian Mystery Structure May Be Composite Fungus and Cyanobacteria Organisms" (2014-01-17, by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/ApotheciaOnMars.html) [archive.fo/HnyNK]
* "Mars, Sterilization Failure, Fungal Contamination of NASA's Mars Rovers" (Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/SterilizationFailureMars.html) [archive.fo/Z0OQB]
* "Evidence for Life on Mars: Moisture, Algae, Fungi, Martian Mushrooms, Lichens" (updated 2014
by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D. cosmology.com/LifeOnMars.html) [archive.fo/rvEgL] [begin excerpt]:
Evidence for Life On Mars -
A primary mission, albeit classified, objective of the current NASA rover program was to find and determine the location of Martian organism for later transport back to Earth. An examination of 40 photos taken by the NASA Mars' rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, reveal evidence indicative of moisture and biology on the Red Planet, including the growth and shrinkage of organisms resembling lichens, fungi, mushrooms, and algae. In several photos the rover's metal wheels are caked with clumps of Martian soil which indicates the presence of moisture thereby making adhesion possible, whereas the interior of the wheel wells are caked with ice or fungi. In four photos of the same two areas of the Martian surface, white-colored specimens resembling fungi and lichens increase dramatically in size over the course of 12 to 13 days, and what appears to be paraphyses can be discerned. In yet other photos, the biological specimens shrink in size over several days and weeks. In two other photos of a different region of Mars taken 78 days apart, growth of what appears to be fungi and fungal thread-like hyphae also increase in size and extent. Additional photos taken at various times in different locations reveals the presence of additional specimens resembling algae, lichen, mushroom-like fruiting bodies and fungal mycelium.
As will be detailed in a forthcoming article by this scientist, NASA and its "sister" organization, DARPA, have elected to keep this evidence secret, due to concerns that an informed public will be naturally concerned about contagion and Martain plagues if these organisms escape from NASA and DARPA laboratories after they are transported to Earth. Therefore, that there is life on Mars is considered "Above Topic Secret" due to concerns that an informed public will object to and prevent NASA and DARPA from achieving their objectives: the retrieval and transport of Martian organisms to Earth for the purposes of genetic engineering, and the transfer of Martian genes into Earthly life forms . Thus, NASA informed the public that there is no life on Mars, so as to prevent opposition to these plans, despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, as presented here.
That there is life on Mars, should not be a surprise. Life, as we know it, is resilient and has been discovered thriving in almost every conceivable environment on Earth, from the bottom of the ocean, in boiling hot springs, and in pools of radioactive waste (Anitori 2012; Moseley & Setlow 1968; Rothschild & Mancinelli 2001; van Wolferen et al. 2013). Microbial life can even survive in space ((Horneck et al. 1994, 2002; Nicholson et al. 2000) and in Martian-like environments (Osman et al. 2008). There is no legitimate scientific reason to suspect that microbial life could not adapt to the prevailing conditions of Mars.
In 1976, the Viking Release experiments provided contradictory findings of biological activity on Mars and which are still being debated (Bianciardi, et al. 2012; Levin 1976a,b). Beginning in 1996, David McKay and his team (McKay et al. 1996, 2008) published a series of articles reporting considerable evidence of biological activity in three meteors from Mars; also considered controversial. Then there are microscopic and macroscopic similarities between structures on Mars and terrestrial stromatolites and incapsulated colonies of terrestrial cyanobacteria (Rizzo & Cantasano, 2009, 2011).
These findings are now supplemented by pictorial evidence of numerous biological specimens on Mars including those which increased significantly in size in just 13 to 78 Martian days; and photographs of of what appears to be clumps of moist Martian soil stuck to the rover wheels, and ice or fungi within the rover wheel wells which means water is available on Mars to germinate spores and maintain life.
As presented in this article, specimens which resemble fungus, algae, or lichens have been photographed A) within the wheel wells of the rover, B) on top of and within rocks photographed by the rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, C) inside concave depressions within Martian rocky outcrops, D) on the ground and connected by thread-like branches in patterns similar to mycelium and mycorrhizal fungus, E) and sporing, germinating and casting bulbous shadows upon the ground beneath them, G) multiplying several times in size as shown in Sol 173 and Sol 186 which were taken 13 Martian days apart, and H) increasing in size from what appears to be a germinating spore and fruiting body as seen in miniature in Sol 3528, and 12 Martian days later (Sol 3540) dramatically larger in size, and I) increasing in the size of what appears to be thread like hyphae over a period of 78 days (Sol 192 vs Sol 270).
Martian Mud, Water, Fungi, and Ice -
Life, including fungi, lichens, and algae, require moisture in order to fruit and germinate. There is ample pictorial evidence that Mars was once lush with flowing rivers and oceans; but more importantly, an examination of the rover Curiosity's wheels provides evidence that it drove through moist clay and sand which stuck in great clumps upon the wheels (Figure 1). This clumping adhesion would have been possible only if the soil or the rover's wheels were moist. In addition, there is extensive evidence of ice frozen within the wheels wells of the rover, as well as what might be fungus (Figures 2, 3). Given that these pictures were taken days and weeks apart and despite the fact that the rover wheels are designed to allow debris to be discarded; this can only mean that what appears to be ice and perhaps fungus was adhering to the wheel wells.
Because clumps of Martian soil can be clearly seen attached to the wheels of the rovers it thus appears that Mars is a moist wet planet. In fact, rover Curiosity found 2-4% moisture in Martian soil samples. If spores were to come in contact with moisture, they would germinate; and this supports evidence that fungi, lichens, and algae may be flourishing on Mars.
- image caption: Figure 1: Sol 529, Martian soil can be clearly seen adhering to the metal wheels of the rover in great clumps, and this would only be possible if the wheel or the soil were moist. What is probably ice, or fungus, can be seen inside the wheel well.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 20: Martian specimen resembling lichens (Martian Mushrooms) and fungi.
- image caption: Figure 21 (Enlarged) Martian specimen resembling lichens (Martian Mushrooms) and fungi.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 30 (above): Sol 37. Vast Martian fields of miniature ball-shaped specimens (blueberries vs Martian Mushrooms).
- image caption: Figure 31: Sol 37. Martian specimens resembling fruiting bodies with thread-like mycelium.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 33: Sol 37. Martian specimens resembling fruiting bodies with thread-like mycelium.
Discussion -
Give the versatility and adaptability of life which can flourish under boiling, toxic, frigid, poisonous, and radioactive environments (Anitori 2012; Moseley & Setlow 1968; van Wolferen et al. 2013), the results from the original Viking experiments (Levin 1996a,b), and the detection of biological activity in three Martian meteorites (McKay et al. 1996, 2009), it should not be surprising there is evidence indicative of life, or past life on Mars as depicted in the pictures presented here. Rather, it should be surprising if Mars was devoid of life.
Given this evidence, coupled with the presence of ice and moist Martian soil on the rover wheels and wheel wells it is thus reasonable to ask: "If its not biological, what is it? To argue in the absence of evidence that the specimens depicted here "may" be mineral deposits, meteors, or some other non-biological substance, is not sufficient to defeat the greater likelihood they are biological. The fact is, NASA knows there is life on Mars, and it is NASA and DARPA's objective, to retrieve Martian life forms and transport them back to Earth.
NASA's Secret Biological Retrieval Program -
Unfortunately the precise identification of these specimens can not be directly addressed at present as NASA has tampered with many of the photos by blurring and adding cross-hatchings to obscure and prevent precise identification. Moreover, NASA has refused to make many photos public. NASA's objective is to keep this information secret.
NASA (and DARPA) are planning to retrieve these and other biological specimens, and transport them to Earth for study and genetic engineering in DARPA laboratories. As will be detailed in a forthcoming paper by this author, heir intention is to insert Martian genes into Earthly life forms, and to modify these specimens to make them adaptable to living and thriving in the harsh environments of Mars, space, and other planets. However, NASA and DARPA realize there will be incredible public outcry, and government intervention, due to fear of contamination and the spread of plague if and when Martian organisms escape from or are transported out of the laboratories. Hence, NASA and DARPA deny there is life on Mars.
Although NASA and DARPA have utilized the rovers to identify specimens for later retrieval, NASA has also purposefully altered and added noise and techniques similar to photoshop to to blur and obscure details. Moreover, numerous photos are missing from the NASA rover websites. Nevertheless, the fact that NASA and DARPA know there is life on Mars, is evident as numerous photos, sometimes numbering in over a dozen, have been taken of the same specimens, often hours, days, weeks, or months later. What is presented her are some of the many examples of life forms identified by NASA for retrieval and transport to Earth, some of which show obvious signs of growth when photographed at later time periods.
There is Life on Mars -
Life, as we know it, requires water. There is no denying that Mars was once flush with rivers, lakes and oceans. However, the evidence presented her proves there is still water on Mars. Where there is water, there is life.
The argument favoring biology is overwhelming, as there are specimens which clearly resemble mushrooming sporing bodies. There are also rocks covered with a green substance which in all likelihood is algae. Then there are the before and after photos of Sol 3528 and 3540 taken 12 days apart, and Sol 173 and 186 taken 13 days apart, and Sol 192 and Sol 270 taken 72 days apart (Figures 15,16) all of which show increases in gross size or in the growth, thickness and extent of thread-like hyphae. Contrast, these with the evidence from Sol 173B, 192B, 528, and 530, where fungal organisms significantly decrease in size over the course of 2 days to a few weeks.
Although it could also be argued that these putative biological specimens do not look exactly like their Earthly counterparts, we must remember that conditions for life on Earth vs Mars are asymmetric. If they are Martian life forms, then they evolved and are growing in an alien environment under conditions of reduced sunlight and relatively little moisture. Moreover, many of the specimens presented here may be long dead and fossilized. On the other hand, they may be the consequence of forces which sculpted the surface of Mars in patterns which resemble biological organisms. However, life is resilient and adaptive and has been discovered flourishing in almost every conceivable environment on Earth. It should not be surprising if there is evidence suggestive of life on Mars.
Implications -
The evidence presented here demonstrates that fungi, algae, lichens and Martian Mushrooms are or were flourishing on Mars. The implications are profound.
On Earth, cyanobacteria have played a major role in the terraforming of Earth, having pumped out oxygen as a waste product which in turn contributed to the production of ozone, thereby making it possible for oxygen breathing species to emerge from beneath the soil and the sea (Joseph 2009a,b, 2010). Cyanobacteria also produced tremendous amounts of calcium which serves to glue together their mats, and upon dissolving these mats flooded the oceans with calcium thereby making it possible for bones and brains to evolve (Joseph 2009a,b).
If cyanobacteria and fungal eukaryotes are in fact thriving on Mars, then it can be predicted that cyanobacteria and eukaryotes may be flourishing on every Mars-like and Earth-like planet in this galaxy. If true this would mean that innumerable Earth-like planets may have also been terraformed by cyanobacteria and other microbial denizens dwelling on those worlds, giving rise to oxygen breathing creatures with bones and brains who emerged from the sea, crawling, walking, and with some species eventually standing upright on two legs. And it can be predicted that over the course of evolution on these alien planets, that those with bones and brains grew increasingly curious and intelligent and began pondering their own origins and the nature of existence, and that on at least some of these aliens worlds they may have turned their eyes to the heavens, seeking answers to that primordial question: Are we alone?
Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank Drs. Gil Levin, Barry Di Gregorio, and Harry Rabb, and the U.C. Berkeley reviewer who prefers to remain anonymous, for their helpful comments, insight, and input.
R. Joseph, Ph.D.
REFERENCES
Anitori, R. P. (2012). Extremophiles: Microbiology and Biotechnology. Caister Academic Press.
Bianciardi, G., Miller, J. D., Straat, P. A., Levin, G. V. (2012), Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments, Int'l J. of Aeronautical & Space Sci. 13(1), 14-26.
Blackwell M. (2011). The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species? American Journal of Botany 98 (3): 426-438.
Horneck, G., Becker, H., Reitz, G. (1994). Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space. Advances in Space Research, Volume 14, 41-45.
Horneck, G. Mileikowsky, C., Melosh, H. J., Wilson, J. W. Cucinotta F. A., Gladman, B. 2002. Viable Transfer of Microorganisms in the solar system and beyond, In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer.
Joseph, R. (2009a) Viruses, Bacteria, Archae, Eukaryotes, and the Evolution of Life, Journal of Cosmology, 1, 150-200.
Joseph, R. (2009b) Genes, Microbes, Metazoan Metamorphosis Cambrian Explosion and the Genetically Engineered Earth, Journal of Cosmology, 1, 201-250.
Joseph, R. (2010). The Biological Cosmology of Climate Change Journal of Cosmology, 8, 2000-2020.
Joseph, R. (2014). Apothecia on Mars? Cosmology, 17, January 17, 2014.
Levin, G. (1976a), The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results, Science, 194, 4260, 99-105.
Levin, G. (1976b), Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results, Science, 194, 1322-1329.
McKay, D. S., Gibson Jr., E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X.D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. (1996). Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science 273 (5277): 924-930.
McKay, D.S., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Clemett, S.J., Gibson Jr, E.K., Spencer, L. and Wentworth, S.J. (2009). "Life on Mars: new evidence from martian meteorites." Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions, 7441, 744102.
Moseley, B. E., Setlow, J. K. (1968). Transformation in Micrococcus radiodurans and the ultraviolet sensitivity of its transforming DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61(1):176-83.
Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J., Setlow, P. (2000). Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 548-572.
Osman, S., Peeters, Z., La Duc, M.T., Mancinelli, R., Ehrenfreund, P., Venkateswaran, K., (2008). Effect of shadowing on survival of bacteria under conditions simulating the Martian atmosphere and UV radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 959-970.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2009) Possible organosedimentary structures on Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology 8 (4): 267-280.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2011), Cyanobacteria on Terrestrial Meteorites and Stromatolites on Mars, Journal of Cosmology, 13, 15.
Rothschild, L.J., & Mancinelli, R.L. (2001) Life in extreme environments. Nature, 409, 1092-1101.
Thomas-Keprta K.L., Clemett S.J., Bazylinski D.A., Kirschvink J.L., McKay D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali H., and Gibson E.K., Romanek C.S. (2002) "Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3663-3672.
van Wolferen M, Ajon M, Driessen AJ, Albers SV. (2013). How hyperthermophiles adapt to change their lives: DNA exchange in extreme conditions. Extremophiles 17(4):545-63. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0552-6.
* "Contamination and Damage to the Mars Rovers by Martian Fungi and Bacteria" (2016, by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., with the assistance of Harry Rabb Kirkkonummi, Finland, cosmology.com/FungiContaminateMarsRovers.html) [archive.fo/YTaaO] [begin excerpt]:
Abstract -
It is well established that chemoautotrophs and Earthly fungi can contaminate and corrode metals, plastics, aluminum, and a variety of other substances. Fungi growing on the outside of the Russian Mir spacecraft were discovered to be corroding and destroying even the titanium windows, and rapidly multiplying. In May of 2016, it was reported that 40 Biologists with an expertise in fungus or lichens, had reached a consensus supporting a low to high probability of life on Mars, as based on an examination of specimens photographed by the rover teams (Joseph 2016). The results were statistically significant, and the majority of experts identified the Martian specimens as fungi. Coupled with the findings from the 1970s Mars Viking experiments and the discoveries of biological residue in three Martian meteorites in the 1990s by Mckay et al, it was predicted that NASA's Mars rovers may be contaminated with Martian bacteria and destructive Martian fungi. An examination of photos taken of the Mars rovers' decks and wheel wells supports this prediction. Martian bacteria and fungi have severely damaged the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels despite being driven for less than 10 miles across the Martian surface, and to have infiltrated the upper deck of the rovers Curiosity and Opportunity. The possible catastrophic consequences of transporting these Martian organisms to Earth, are detailed.
Key Words: Mars, Martian fungus, Martian bacteria, Martian Mushrooms, Biodeterioration, Bio-Corrosion, Chemoautotrophs, Genetic Contamination, Planetary Protection
I. Life on Mars: Evidence That Martian Bacteria and Martian Fungi Have Contaminated and Damaged the Mars Rovers -
There is now considerable evidence that A) bacteria flourished on Mars millions and billions of years ago (Mckay et al 1996, 1997, 1999; Thomas-Keprta, et al., 2009); B) and that bacteria continue to thrive and reproduce on Mars (Levin & Straat, 1976, 1979, 2011); C) and that these Martian organisms include eukaryotes and mushroom-shaped fungus--as determined by scientists identified by their universities as experts in fungi (Joseph 2016). These Martian fungi have been photographed by NASA's Mars rovers growing out of the ground, shedding their outer skins, and sporing--findings which have led the authors to D) suspect that the rovers may be stimulating the growth of these organisms; and E) that the Mars rovers may be contaminated with Martian fungi and bacteria. F) An examination of photos taken of the rover Curiosity's and Opportunity's decks and the Curiosity's wheel wells supports this latter prediction. G) Martian fungi appear to be growing within and to have severely damaged the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels, and Martian fungi and bacteria appear to have infiltrated the upper decks of both rovers.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 10: Mars Sol 2813--Close up: contamination of the Rover, Opportunity, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
- image caption: Figure 11: Mars Sol 2813--Contamination of the Rover, Opportunity, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
- image caption: Figure 9A: Mars Sol 2718 (left) vs Sol 2813 (right)--Growth of bacteria and fungi on the Rover, Opportunity, after 95 (Martian) days on Mars--
- image caption: Figure 10: Mars Sol 1089--Contamination, corrosion, and infiltration of the Rover, Curiosity's Chem Cam deck, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 12: Mars Sol 837-Bio-deterioration of the Rover, Curiosity's Chem Cam deck.
[...]
Fungi found on the outside windows of the Mir space station have been described by Russian scientists, including microbiologist Natalia Novikova, as "dangerous," "disturbingly aggressive," and proved capable of corroding even the outside of the Mir's titanium quartz enamel encased windows (Cook 2000; Novikova, 2009, 2016). These fungi could eat metal. Moreover, these fungi had infiltrated the interior of the Mir and were destroying metal, wires, piping, and spreading through the craft. Russian scientist, Novikova, concluded that these fungi were too "dangerous" and too "virulent" to transport back to Earth, as there were fears they may combine with Earthly fungus creating a super fungus which "could wreck havoc" on this planet (Cook, 2000; Novikova, 2009, 2016).
Therefore, given evidence that bacteria thrived on Mars billions of years ago, and continue to thrive in the present, coupled with evidence that Martian fungi are also growing on Mars, it is not a surprise that Martian bacteria and fungi appear to have damaged the rovers.
- image caption: Figure 17: Fungi growing inside the Space Station; from Vesper, et al. (2008).
[...]
C. Evidence of Contamination and Bio-Deterioration of the Mars Rover Curiosity's Aluminum Wheels -
As noted, aluminum can be severely damaged by fungi (Javaherdashti 2010; Little & Ray 2002). Each of the rover Curiosity's six wheels were machined from a single, solid block of aluminum, and are 40 centimeters (16 inches) wide and 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter and the "tires" treads (grousers) are spaced 15 degrees apart and protrude 7.5 millimeters outwards and are shaped like chevrons (see http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20334).
Despite extensive testing on Earth at nearly three times Mars gravity, once on Mars unexpected and after driving across just a few miles, unanticipated damage, including inexplicable tears, and gaping holes soon began to appear, and then to worsen, as based on later photos taken in 2013. The deterioration of the tires then accelerated as again documented on April 18, 2016--Sol 1,315-- by NASA's engineers and rover project managers (see http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20334). The massive amount of damage and corrosion after driving less than 10 miles can only be due to bio-deterioration, and a close examination of the wheel wells reveals the presence of white fungal masses.
As reported on the NASA/JPL website, these aluminum wheels were extensively tested under rigorous and brutal Mars-like conditions, and it was established they could survive destructive touchdown scenarios as well as extensive driving over rough terrain consisting of hard pointed and spiked-shaped rocks with minimal damage consisting only of scratches on the surface.
However, once on Mars, the Curiosity's inner aluminum wheels wells became contaminated and caked with thick whitish/grayish substances which, based on a visual inspection, appear to resemble ice or fungi (see Figures 23 to 27). Soon thereafter, the Rover, Curiosity's aluminum wheels began to deteriorate, and large fissures and tears appeared. Some of these tears began coalesce, tearing toward one another, forming large gashes and gaping holes (see Figures 20-27).
- image caption: Figure 22: Severe damage to the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels, photographed on Sol 1,315 (April 18, 2016) (from NASA/JPL).
[...]
Fungi feast on bacteria, as well as on metals, plastics, and aluminum (Javaherdashti 2010; Little & Ray 2002). Fungi found growing on the Mir space craft, were discovered to be "eating" the ship from the outside in, and the inside out; even corroding the titanium windows.
The evidence presented in this report demonstrates that fungi, mold and microorganisms including sulphate reducing bacteria, appear to have contaminated, infiltrated, and corroded the Mars rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, and have severely weakened and damaged Curiosity's aluminum wheels. Given the debris scattering effect of the Rover's wheels and laser, it is likely the anterior aluminum wheels would suffer the greatest degree of contamination and subsequent damage by microorganisms; and this appears to be the case here.
III. Martian Life and NASA's Violations of the Public Trust: Contagion, Disease, Biodeterioration, Genetic Contamination, and the Biosphere -
NASA has displayed "willful ignorance" and "deliberate indifference" to the evidence for life on Mars; and as is policy, NASA has forcefully denied the evidence. As detailed in a Public Trust action filed by Dr. Joseph against NASA in 2016, NASA intends to transport Martian specimens to Earth, in the 2020s. NASA knows an informed public might panic at the prospect of Martian plagues and diseases, and the effect of Martian organisms on crops, trees, and the environment. Since NASA wishes to avoid any public hysteria, or oversight or interference by elected officials who will rightfully fear contagion and may cancel NASA's plans, NASA has chosen to ignore, impugn, censor, suppress, and deny the evidence of life on Mars--and instead has chosen to lie to the public and to claim "... it is highly unlikely that living organisms will be found on the samples...." and thus no reason for public oversight or concern. This is an incredibly dangerous lie as Martian bacteria and fungi will likely begin to corrode and eat their way through their metal canisters and then escape, spore, and contaminate the space capsule on its way back to Earth--and then, spores will escape and contaminate this planet.
The dangers are not limited to biodeterioration. Predatory fungi on Earth can infect, invade, and eat a living insect, fish, or amphibian from the inside-out and sprout from inside the living victims' heads (see Watkinson et al., 2016). Fungi also attack the human body, damaging the heart, lungs, liver, hands, toes, skin... conditions known as mycoses, and which is followed by gangrene as the body rots.
The dangers of contagion by extraterrestrial Martian organisms, don't end, or even begin, with plague and disease, but include the well-established genetic mechanism known as "horizontal gene transfer," via which bacteria and viruses can insert their genes into the genomes of other species, essentially hijacking the victim's DNA and often sickening, severely disabling, and at times killing the host. It is well-established that all Earthly life forms commonly exchange genes via horizontal gene transfer (Gogarten et al., 2009). Hence, it can be predicted that Martian viruses and bacteria will also exchange genes with Earthly-life forms thereby changing their biology and genetic machinery. And this in turn, can effect the crops and livestock we eat, and the trees and biological organisms which produce this planet's oxygen.
Half of Earth's oxygen is produced by microorganisms, whereas the other half is produced by trees and plants. However, microorganisms can also inject their genes into trees and plants, thereby hijacking their genome, and in so doing, changing the biology of the infected plant/tree so it produces completely different biological products and forcing it to behave according to the genetic instructions inserted by the invader. Agrobacterium, for example, carry the genetic instructions for unregulated cell growth and creates tumors which produce enzymes and amino acids called opines which are a nutrient for these bacteria but which are of no use to the plant. Thus, these invading bacteria subvert the plant's genetic machinery for its own ends. According to James Watson and colleagues (1992, p. 278). "The process of transfer from the bacterial cell to the plant cell is analogous to the process of biological conjugation; it is as though the Agrobacterium is mating with a plant cell!"
The unregulated transfer of Martian organisms to this planet, could be catastrophic, and via invasion, competition, infection, and the injection of Martian genes, alter every aspect of this planet's biosphere and the genomes of every living creature on Earth. It was for exactly these reasons that the Russians decided against transporting to Earth the "dangerously aggressively" fungi found outside the Mir space station: fear that these rapidly growing, mutated fungi would combine and share genes with Earthly fungi, thereby creating super-organisms which could destroy not just life, but metal, plastic, machinery, and eventually the infrastructure of civilization.
Fungi also destroy trees and plants which in turn, are responsible for producing half of the Earth's oxygen supply. These fungi invade the plant by burning a hole in their outer skin and invading the plant's breathing holes (stromata). Fungi which live in the soil can also destroy roots or block root-cells which conduct water from the soil to the plant. Entire crops have been destroyed by fungi leading to famine in effected areas.
As a worst case scenario: in addition to corrosive effects on metals, plastics, machinery and sickening and killing life on this planet, genes from Martian organisms and Martian viruses would be transferred into the genomes of species on Earth, thereby altering and destabilizing the genomes of all Earthly life--including those which contribute to the health of our environment and even the oxygen we breath-- and thus putting the well-being and survival of present and future generations at risk.
If Martian bacteria and fungi--which may be super-fungi given how they adapted to the harsh conditions of Mars--are transported to Earth (while simultaneously being exposed to mutagenic radiation during the journey) and just a few spores escape, or infect a technician, or samples are illegally sold or stolen --and widespread theft and the cover up of these thefts by NASA is what happened to many of the moon rocks as determined by NASA's Inspector General (Office of Inspector General, NASA 2011)--the consequences may be catastrophic.
NASA's "willful ignorance" and "deliberate indifference" to the evidence for life on Mars, shocks the conscience. In a worse case scenario, by transporting these Martian organisms to Earth, NASA may put all life on Earth in peril, and then lie about it.
About Rhawn Gabriel Joseph: Dr. Joseph began his scientific career in the 1970s when he proved and published what were then, major discoveries: 1) neuroplasticity and recovery of function in the primate brain, 2) the hormonal basis of sex differences, 3) early environmental influences on primate brain neuronal-synaptic connections and neural-perceptual development in primate, 4) the effects of enriched vs deprived environmental influences on intelligence, memory, learning and curiosity (see, for example, Joseph 1978, 1980, Joseph et al. 1978, 1979; Joseph & Gallagher, 1980; Joseph & Casagrande 1978, 1980; Casagrande & Joseph 1978, 1980). Dr. Joseph went on to make numerous major scientific discoveries; most of his research has been self-funded; and his work has been replicated many times.
REFERENCES
Anitori, R. P. (2012). Extremophiles: Microbiology and Biotechnology. Caister Academic Press.
Bianciardi, G., Miller, J. D., Straat, P. A., Levin, G. V. (2012), Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments, Int'l J. of Aeronautical & Space Sci. 13(1), 14-26.
Blackwell M. (2011). The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species? American Journal of Botany 98 (3): 426-438.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1978). Effects of monocular deprivation on geniculostriate connections in prosimian primates. Anatomical Record, 190, 359.
Cook, R. (2000). Fungi on the outside of the Mir Space Station. Boston Globe, 10/1/2000.
David, L. (2016) Wheel Worries: Mars Rover Curiosity Dealing With Damage, Space.com, July 6, 2015.
Gogarten, M. B. et al. (2009) Horizontal Gene Transfer: Genomes in Flux (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press.
Hays, J.N. (2006) Epidemics and Pandemics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 2006 82-83.
Horneck, G., Becker, H., Reitz, G. (1994). Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space. Advances in Space Research, Volume 14, 41-45.
Horneck, G. Mileikowsky, C., Melosh, H. J., Wilson, J. W. Cucinotta F. A., Gladman, B. 2002. Viable Transfer of Microorganisms in the solar system and beyond, In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer.
Javaherdashti, R. (2010), Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Springer 2010.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1978). Effects of monocular deprivation on geniculostriate connections in prosimian primates. Anatomical Record, 190, 359.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1980). Morphological effects of monocular deprivation and recovery on the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in prosimian primates. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 194, 413-426.
Joseph, R. (1979). Effects of rearing environment and sex on learning, memory, and competitive exploration. Journal of Psychology, 101, 37-43.
Joseph, R. (2016). A Low to High Probability of Life on Mars. Cosmology.com, May, 2016, Cosmology, 25, 1-25. http://Cosmology.com/LifeOnMarsStudy1.html
Joseph v NASA (2016): Public Trust Action. Case Number: CV 16 5142; Federal District Court, Northern California.
Joseph, R., & Casagrande, V. A. (1978). Visual field defects and morphological changes resulting from monocular deprivation in primates. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, 4, 1982.
Joseph, R. & Casagrande, V. A. (1978). Visual field defects and recovery following lid closure in a prosimian primate. Behavioral Brain Research, 1, 150-178.
Joseph, R., Forrest, N., Fiducia, N., Como, P., & Siegel, J. (1980). Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of arousal. Physiological Psychology, 9, 90-95.
Joseph, R., & Gallagher, R. E. (1980). Gender and early environmental influences on learning, memory, activity, overresponsiveness, and exploration. journal of Developmental Psychobiology, 13, 527-544.
Joseph, R., Hess, S., & Birecree, E. (1978). Effects of sex hormone manipulations on exploration and sex differences... Behavioral Biology, 24, 364-377.
Joseph, R. (1997). The Evolution of Life on Other Planets: The Origin of Life and Evolutionary Metamorphosis. University Press, California.
Joseph, R. (2000). Astrobiology, the Origin of Life, and the Death of Darwinism. University Press California.
Joseph, R. (2009). Life on Earth, Came From Other Planets. Journal of Cosmology, 1, 1-56.
Joseph, R. (2009). The First Earthlings, ExtraTerrestrial Horizontal Gene Transfer, Interplanetary Genetic Messengers, the Genetics of Eukaryogenesis and Mitochondria Metamorphosis. Journal of Cosmology, 1, 100-149.
Joseph, R. (2010). The Origin of Eukaryotes: Archae, Bacteria, Viruses and Horizontal Gene Transfer In Abiogenesis and the Origins of Life, edited by Michael. Russell, Cosmology Science Publishers, Cambridge. MA.
Joseph, R. (2012). Evidence for Extraterrestrial Extremophiles and Plasmas in the Thermosphere Cosmology, 3/9/2012, 23-52.
Joseph, R. (2016). A High Probability of Life on Mars: Biologists' Top Five Candidates For Martian Life, Cosmology, 25, 1-25.
Joseph, R. V NASA et al (2016). Plaintiffs' Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. Constitutional Rights and Public Trust Action. United States District Court Northern District of California. CV 16 5142.
Joseph, R., and Schild, R. (2010). Biological Cosmology and the Origins of Life in the Universe. Journal of Cosmology, 5, 1040-1090.
Joseph, R. & Wickramasinghe, C (2010). Diseases from Space. In "The Biological Big Bang," Edited by Chandra Wickramasinghe, Science Publishers, Cambridge, MA
Joseph, R. & Wickramasinghe, N. C., (2011).Genetics Indicates Extraterrestrial Origins for Life: The First Gene Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol. 16.
Lakdawalla, E. (2014). Curiosity Wheel Damage: The Problem and Solutions, Planetary Society, 8/19/2014)
Little, B., Ray, R. (2002). The Role of Fungi in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529
Levin, G. (1976a), The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results, Science, 194, 4260, 99-105.
Levin, G. (1976b), Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results, Science, 194, 1322-1329.
McKay, D. S., Gibson Jr., E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X.D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. (1996). Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science 273 (5277): 924-930.
McKay, D.S., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Clemett, S.J., Gibson Jr, E.K., Spencer, L. and Wentworth, S.J. (2009). "Life on Mars: new evidence from martian meteorites." Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions, 7441, 744102.
Moseley, B. E., Setlow, J. K. (1968). Transformation in Micrococcus radiodurans and the ultraviolet sensitivity of its transforming DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61(1):176-83.
Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J., Setlow, P. (2000). Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 548-572.
Novikova, N (2009) Mirobiological research onboard the ISS, Planetary Protection. The Microbiological Factor of Space Flight. Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia.
Novikova, N (2016). Long-term spaceflight and microbiological safety issues. Space Journal, https://room.eu.com/article/long-term-spaceflight-and-microbiological-safety-issues
Office of Inspector General, NASA (2001) Nasa's Management Of Moon Rocks And Other Astromaterials Loaned For Research, Education, And Public Display Https:// Oig.Nasa.Gov/Audits/Reports/Fy12/Ig-12-007.Pdf
Osman, S., Peeters, Z., La Duc, M.T., Mancinelli, R., Ehrenfreund, P., Venkateswaran, K., (2008). Effect of shadowing on survival of bacteria under conditions simulating the Martian atmosphere and UV radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 959-970.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2009) Possible organosedimentary structures on Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology 8 (4): 267-280.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2011), Cyanobacteria on Terrestrial Meteorites and Stromatolites on Mars, Journal of Cosmology, 13, 15.
Rothschild, L.J., & Mancinelli, R.L. (2001) Life in extreme environments. Nature, 409, 1092-1101.
Thomas-Keprta K.L., Clemett S.J., Bazylinski D.A., Kirschvink J.L., McKay D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali H., and Gibson E.K., Romanek C.S. (2002) "Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3663-3672.
van Wolferen M, Ajon M, Driessen AJ, Albers SV. (2013). How hyperthermophiles adapt to change their lives: DNA exchange in extreme conditions. Extremophiles 17(4):545-63. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0552-6.
Vesper, S.J., W. Wong, C.M. Kuo and D.L. Pierson. (2008). Mold species in dust from the International Space Station identified and quantified by mold-specific quantitative PCR. Research in Microbiology. 159: 432-435.
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* "Mars, Evolution, Algae, Anomalies, Bones, Skulls, Skeletons, Magnetic Fields, Martians" (by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/MarsEvolutionLife.html) [archive.fo/mdq9w]
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Ancient News
* "Earliest Modern European had a close Neandertal ancestor" (2015-06-22, q-mag.org/earliest-modern-european-had-a-close-neandertal-ancestor.html) [archive.is/5auGz]
* "Putting on a brave face: ‘Denise’ offers us our first look at the long-lost Denisovan race" (2019-09-20, rt.com/news/469248-denisovan-denise-face-revealed/) [archive.is/8DDBZ]
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* "In Sight of Doggerland: from speculative survey to landscape exploration" (by Simon Fitch, Vince Gaffney and Ken Thompson, q-mag.org/_iserv/dlfiles/dl.php?ddl=doggerlandfitch-in-sight-of-doggerland-internet-archaeology-22-libre.pdf) (download only) [is.gd/UTA9rS]
The North Sea has long been known by archaeologists as an area of Mesolithic occupation, and has even been argued as the heartland of the Mesolithic in North Western Europe. Yet this area remains effectively terra incognita to archaeologists, and the nature of its occupation, tantalisingly elusive. The submergence of this landscape has therefore effectively hindered archaeological research into this vitally important region. Yet this region contains one of the most detailed and comprehensive records of the Late Quaternary and Holocene, and its preserved sedimentary successions represent a mine of information that remains untapped by archaeologists. However the lack of direct data pertaining to this region results in all previous maps of the prehistoric landscape being at best hypothetical.
* "A Stone Ax from Doggerland" 2013-06-16, spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/doggerland-artefakte-finden-sich-in-der-nordsee-a-905737.html) [archive.fo/RtDEv], (translation by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/a-stone-ax-from-doggerland.html) [archive.fo/BhNhA]
* "Blood-red flint tools - souvenirs of Doggerland?" (2015-05-21, by Angelika Frantz, Der Spiegel; Translated and adapted by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/blood-red-flint-tools-souvenirs-of-doggerland.html) [archive.fo/WrQLl] [begin excerpt]: The end of Doggerland -
Yet the ax was not found in Heligoland, but on the Wehrberg near Duhnen, close to the city of Cuxhaven. From the mouth of the Elbe River, where Cuxhaven is situated, there are 62 kilometers all the way to Heligoland. If you want to reach the island from land, you must cross a considerable stretch of open water – without any sight-contact with landfeatures. „How humans could have done this in the Neolithic, we don’t know,“ Nösler admits, "nor how the ships were built, which they used to cross the sea."
Yet there was also a time when Heligoland could be reached by foot when, during the last ice-age, a lot of water was still locked up in glaciers and the sea level lay 110 meters lower than today. Then, between England, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark stretched Doggerland, home of Mesolithic peoples.
The final destruction came in the form of a gigantic tsunami, the Störegga landslide. Doggerland was no more. Only the tip of Doggerland’s highest mountain still stuck out of the water. „We have already found red flint on today’s terra firma which is dating back from before the sinking of Doggerland,“ says Nösler. "The very oldest piece is over 12,000 years old and was found in Volkmarshausen in the district of Göttingen – at a distance of 330 kilometers von Heligoland." [end excerpt]
* "Heligoland flint - an exotic commodity in the Nordic Stone- Bronze- and Iron Ages" (2012, nihk.de//downloads/5/helgolandflint_d.pdf) [is.gd/0GEbBN], (excerpts translated by Anne-Marie de Grazia) [archive.fo/WrQLl#selection-775.0-775.81]
* "Lost forest of Doggerland found by divers under the North Sea" (q-mag.org/lost-forest-of-doggerland-found-by-divers-under-the-north-sea.html) [archive.is/8JGAD]
* "Doggerland died at the end of Fall" (2015-01-13, by Axel Bojanowski, spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/tsunami-in-nordsee-storegga-rutschung-traf-menschen-in-steinzeit-a-1011946.html) [archive.fo/9FRbn], (Translated and adapted from the German by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/moss-betrays-the-season-of-the-storegga-event.html) [archive.fo/Y20p2]
* "Moss growth patterns and timing of human exposure to a Mesolithic tsunami in the North Atlantic" (2015-02-01, pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/43/2/111/131755/moss-growth-patterns-and-timing-of-human-exposure?redirectedFrom=fulltext) [archive.fo/MgkA2]
Knut Rydgren and Stein Bondevik
Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, P.O. Box 133, N-6851 Sogndal, Norway
Abstract:
The Storegga tsunami, triggered ∼8150 yr ago by one of the largest submarine slides on Earth, flooded margins of the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea that were occupied by Mesolithic peoples. Sand deposits of Storegga age overlie the remains of coastal settlements in Norway and Scotland. The resulting casualties, however, depend on the season when the tsunami struck. Human exposure would have been least in summer and early autumn, when Mesolithic peoples went to the mountains to hunt reindeer. The hunters returned to the coast in late autumn to settle into their winter quarters. Here we use moss stems to show that the Storegga tsunami happened in late autumn. The Storegga tsunami deposits contain samples of the moss Hylocomium splendens. Some of these stems retain green color and chlorophyll that imply burial alive. H. splendens has a characteristic growth cycle where new segments branch off from previous year's growth. The Storegga mosses have segments more mature than those of modern July and August samples, but as mature as those from October through December. The enormous Storegga tsunami thus occurred late enough in the year to have reached a large fraction of the people then inhabiting western Norway and northeast Scotland. For those who survived the tsunami, the loss and destruction of dwellings, boats, equipment, and supplies must have made the following winter very difficult.
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* "Agricultural Origins and the Garden of Eden - Levantine Corridor Hypothesis; Summary of Evidence Supporting the First Domestication of Crops and Animals in the Levantine Corridor close to Mt Hermon, Southern Lebanon" (O’Brien 1984) (http://www.britishwildlifemanagement.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=381:agricultural-origins-and-the-garden-of-eden-levantine-corridor-hypothesis-o-brien-1984&catid=109&Itemid=978)
- videos [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTrwBI8SvLg] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAc7nnIWVyg]
- powerpoint presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMgBdGrkYvY]
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* "The Spectacular Ancient Megaliths of the Ural Mountains" (2014-12-31, ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/spectacular-ancient-megaliths-ural-mountains-002517) [archive.is/vV6jW]
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* "Slovakian News Agency sheds light on Syria’s civilization and history" (2019-09-19, sana.sy/en/?p=173668) [archive.fo/5xuAu]
* "Safita archeological tower… a unique architectural style" (2019-09-17, sana.sy/en/?p=173515) [archive.is/MmCQe]
* "A French tourist group visits archeological city of Palmyra" (2019-09-20, sana.sy/en/?p=173728) [archive.fo/THgmB]
* "French tourists from Palmyra: What enemies of culture have done unforgivable crime" (2019-09-20, sana.sy/en/?p=173755) [archive.fo/64xRv]
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Vijaya Nagara, India
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* "Mexico Denounces 'Illegal' Auction of Precolumbian Art in Paris; The collection includes sculptures, masks and religious artefacts from before 1000 B.C. up to the 18th century A.D." (2019-09-18, telesurenglish.net/news/Mexico-Denounces-Illegal-Auction-of-Precolumbian-Art-in-Paris-20190918-0019.html) [archive.is/CzzSX]
- image caption: A stone kneeling figure of the goddess of fertility and land Coatlicue, one of pre-Columbian artefacts, is presented to the press at Drouot auction house in Paris, France, September 18, 2019.
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Science & Futurism
* "Sri Lanka launches first 3D printer to design, produce artificial body parts" (2019-09-18, xinhuanet.com/english/2019-09/18/c_138402372.htm) [archive.is/OvtNO]
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* "MIT lab’s visionary ‘food computer’ project may be ‘selling fantasy’ to millennials and donors" (2019-09-23, rt.com/news/469392-food-computer-mit-lab/) [archive.fo/gTn1H]
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Space News
"NASA Administrator: Alien Life Is More Likely Than We Thought" (2019, futurism.com) [archive.is/d6n46]
* "Friends of Tabby’s star? Astronomers discover 21 potential ‘ALIEN megastructure’ stars" (2019-09-20, rt.com/news/469222-new-alien-megastructure-stars-discovered/) [archive.is/Jsbqv]
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* " ‘Hellish hot-house’ Venus could have been habitable before major surface devastation – new research" (2019-09-23, rt.com/news/469390-venus-once-habitable-study/) [archive.fo/dLoZC]
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* "Mysterious magnetic pulses & evidence of groundwater discovered on Mars" (2019-09-21, rt.com/news/469285-mars-magnetic-field-water-insight/) [archive.fo/bHiII]
* "A High Probability of Life Mars: The Consensus of 70 Experts in Fungi, Lichens, Geomorphology, Mineralogy (Preliminary and Interim Report)" (by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/LifeOnMarsStudy1.html) [archive.fo/Tr7H5]
* "Apothecia on Mars? Life Discovered on the Red Planet. Martian Mystery Structure May Be Composite Fungus and Cyanobacteria Organisms" (2014-01-17, by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/ApotheciaOnMars.html) [archive.fo/HnyNK]
* "Mars, Sterilization Failure, Fungal Contamination of NASA's Mars Rovers" (Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/SterilizationFailureMars.html) [archive.fo/Z0OQB]
* "Evidence for Life on Mars: Moisture, Algae, Fungi, Martian Mushrooms, Lichens" (updated 2014
by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D. cosmology.com/LifeOnMars.html) [archive.fo/rvEgL] [begin excerpt]:
Evidence for Life On Mars -A primary mission, albeit classified, objective of the current NASA rover program was to find and determine the location of Martian organism for later transport back to Earth. An examination of 40 photos taken by the NASA Mars' rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, reveal evidence indicative of moisture and biology on the Red Planet, including the growth and shrinkage of organisms resembling lichens, fungi, mushrooms, and algae. In several photos the rover's metal wheels are caked with clumps of Martian soil which indicates the presence of moisture thereby making adhesion possible, whereas the interior of the wheel wells are caked with ice or fungi. In four photos of the same two areas of the Martian surface, white-colored specimens resembling fungi and lichens increase dramatically in size over the course of 12 to 13 days, and what appears to be paraphyses can be discerned. In yet other photos, the biological specimens shrink in size over several days and weeks. In two other photos of a different region of Mars taken 78 days apart, growth of what appears to be fungi and fungal thread-like hyphae also increase in size and extent. Additional photos taken at various times in different locations reveals the presence of additional specimens resembling algae, lichen, mushroom-like fruiting bodies and fungal mycelium.
As will be detailed in a forthcoming article by this scientist, NASA and its "sister" organization, DARPA, have elected to keep this evidence secret, due to concerns that an informed public will be naturally concerned about contagion and Martain plagues if these organisms escape from NASA and DARPA laboratories after they are transported to Earth. Therefore, that there is life on Mars is considered "Above Topic Secret" due to concerns that an informed public will object to and prevent NASA and DARPA from achieving their objectives: the retrieval and transport of Martian organisms to Earth for the purposes of genetic engineering, and the transfer of Martian genes into Earthly life forms . Thus, NASA informed the public that there is no life on Mars, so as to prevent opposition to these plans, despite the overwhelming evidence to the contrary, as presented here.
That there is life on Mars, should not be a surprise. Life, as we know it, is resilient and has been discovered thriving in almost every conceivable environment on Earth, from the bottom of the ocean, in boiling hot springs, and in pools of radioactive waste (Anitori 2012; Moseley & Setlow 1968; Rothschild & Mancinelli 2001; van Wolferen et al. 2013). Microbial life can even survive in space ((Horneck et al. 1994, 2002; Nicholson et al. 2000) and in Martian-like environments (Osman et al. 2008). There is no legitimate scientific reason to suspect that microbial life could not adapt to the prevailing conditions of Mars.
In 1976, the Viking Release experiments provided contradictory findings of biological activity on Mars and which are still being debated (Bianciardi, et al. 2012; Levin 1976a,b). Beginning in 1996, David McKay and his team (McKay et al. 1996, 2008) published a series of articles reporting considerable evidence of biological activity in three meteors from Mars; also considered controversial. Then there are microscopic and macroscopic similarities between structures on Mars and terrestrial stromatolites and incapsulated colonies of terrestrial cyanobacteria (Rizzo & Cantasano, 2009, 2011).
These findings are now supplemented by pictorial evidence of numerous biological specimens on Mars including those which increased significantly in size in just 13 to 78 Martian days; and photographs of of what appears to be clumps of moist Martian soil stuck to the rover wheels, and ice or fungi within the rover wheel wells which means water is available on Mars to germinate spores and maintain life.
As presented in this article, specimens which resemble fungus, algae, or lichens have been photographed A) within the wheel wells of the rover, B) on top of and within rocks photographed by the rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, C) inside concave depressions within Martian rocky outcrops, D) on the ground and connected by thread-like branches in patterns similar to mycelium and mycorrhizal fungus, E) and sporing, germinating and casting bulbous shadows upon the ground beneath them, G) multiplying several times in size as shown in Sol 173 and Sol 186 which were taken 13 Martian days apart, and H) increasing in size from what appears to be a germinating spore and fruiting body as seen in miniature in Sol 3528, and 12 Martian days later (Sol 3540) dramatically larger in size, and I) increasing in the size of what appears to be thread like hyphae over a period of 78 days (Sol 192 vs Sol 270).
Martian Mud, Water, Fungi, and Ice -
Life, including fungi, lichens, and algae, require moisture in order to fruit and germinate. There is ample pictorial evidence that Mars was once lush with flowing rivers and oceans; but more importantly, an examination of the rover Curiosity's wheels provides evidence that it drove through moist clay and sand which stuck in great clumps upon the wheels (Figure 1). This clumping adhesion would have been possible only if the soil or the rover's wheels were moist. In addition, there is extensive evidence of ice frozen within the wheels wells of the rover, as well as what might be fungus (Figures 2, 3). Given that these pictures were taken days and weeks apart and despite the fact that the rover wheels are designed to allow debris to be discarded; this can only mean that what appears to be ice and perhaps fungus was adhering to the wheel wells.
Because clumps of Martian soil can be clearly seen attached to the wheels of the rovers it thus appears that Mars is a moist wet planet. In fact, rover Curiosity found 2-4% moisture in Martian soil samples. If spores were to come in contact with moisture, they would germinate; and this supports evidence that fungi, lichens, and algae may be flourishing on Mars.
- image caption: Figure 1: Sol 529, Martian soil can be clearly seen adhering to the metal wheels of the rover in great clumps, and this would only be possible if the wheel or the soil were moist. What is probably ice, or fungus, can be seen inside the wheel well.
[...]- image caption: Figure 20: Martian specimen resembling lichens (Martian Mushrooms) and fungi.
- image caption: Figure 21 (Enlarged) Martian specimen resembling lichens (Martian Mushrooms) and fungi.
[...]- image caption: Figure 30 (above): Sol 37. Vast Martian fields of miniature ball-shaped specimens (blueberries vs Martian Mushrooms).
- image caption: Figure 31: Sol 37. Martian specimens resembling fruiting bodies with thread-like mycelium.
[...]- image caption: Figure 33: Sol 37. Martian specimens resembling fruiting bodies with thread-like mycelium.
Discussion -
Give the versatility and adaptability of life which can flourish under boiling, toxic, frigid, poisonous, and radioactive environments (Anitori 2012; Moseley & Setlow 1968; van Wolferen et al. 2013), the results from the original Viking experiments (Levin 1996a,b), and the detection of biological activity in three Martian meteorites (McKay et al. 1996, 2009), it should not be surprising there is evidence indicative of life, or past life on Mars as depicted in the pictures presented here. Rather, it should be surprising if Mars was devoid of life.
Given this evidence, coupled with the presence of ice and moist Martian soil on the rover wheels and wheel wells it is thus reasonable to ask: "If its not biological, what is it? To argue in the absence of evidence that the specimens depicted here "may" be mineral deposits, meteors, or some other non-biological substance, is not sufficient to defeat the greater likelihood they are biological. The fact is, NASA knows there is life on Mars, and it is NASA and DARPA's objective, to retrieve Martian life forms and transport them back to Earth.
NASA's Secret Biological Retrieval Program -
Unfortunately the precise identification of these specimens can not be directly addressed at present as NASA has tampered with many of the photos by blurring and adding cross-hatchings to obscure and prevent precise identification. Moreover, NASA has refused to make many photos public. NASA's objective is to keep this information secret.
NASA (and DARPA) are planning to retrieve these and other biological specimens, and transport them to Earth for study and genetic engineering in DARPA laboratories. As will be detailed in a forthcoming paper by this author, heir intention is to insert Martian genes into Earthly life forms, and to modify these specimens to make them adaptable to living and thriving in the harsh environments of Mars, space, and other planets. However, NASA and DARPA realize there will be incredible public outcry, and government intervention, due to fear of contamination and the spread of plague if and when Martian organisms escape from or are transported out of the laboratories. Hence, NASA and DARPA deny there is life on Mars.
Although NASA and DARPA have utilized the rovers to identify specimens for later retrieval, NASA has also purposefully altered and added noise and techniques similar to photoshop to to blur and obscure details. Moreover, numerous photos are missing from the NASA rover websites. Nevertheless, the fact that NASA and DARPA know there is life on Mars, is evident as numerous photos, sometimes numbering in over a dozen, have been taken of the same specimens, often hours, days, weeks, or months later. What is presented her are some of the many examples of life forms identified by NASA for retrieval and transport to Earth, some of which show obvious signs of growth when photographed at later time periods.
There is Life on Mars -
Life, as we know it, requires water. There is no denying that Mars was once flush with rivers, lakes and oceans. However, the evidence presented her proves there is still water on Mars. Where there is water, there is life.
The argument favoring biology is overwhelming, as there are specimens which clearly resemble mushrooming sporing bodies. There are also rocks covered with a green substance which in all likelihood is algae. Then there are the before and after photos of Sol 3528 and 3540 taken 12 days apart, and Sol 173 and 186 taken 13 days apart, and Sol 192 and Sol 270 taken 72 days apart (Figures 15,16) all of which show increases in gross size or in the growth, thickness and extent of thread-like hyphae. Contrast, these with the evidence from Sol 173B, 192B, 528, and 530, where fungal organisms significantly decrease in size over the course of 2 days to a few weeks.
Although it could also be argued that these putative biological specimens do not look exactly like their Earthly counterparts, we must remember that conditions for life on Earth vs Mars are asymmetric. If they are Martian life forms, then they evolved and are growing in an alien environment under conditions of reduced sunlight and relatively little moisture. Moreover, many of the specimens presented here may be long dead and fossilized. On the other hand, they may be the consequence of forces which sculpted the surface of Mars in patterns which resemble biological organisms. However, life is resilient and adaptive and has been discovered flourishing in almost every conceivable environment on Earth. It should not be surprising if there is evidence suggestive of life on Mars.
Implications -
The evidence presented here demonstrates that fungi, algae, lichens and Martian Mushrooms are or were flourishing on Mars. The implications are profound.
On Earth, cyanobacteria have played a major role in the terraforming of Earth, having pumped out oxygen as a waste product which in turn contributed to the production of ozone, thereby making it possible for oxygen breathing species to emerge from beneath the soil and the sea (Joseph 2009a,b, 2010). Cyanobacteria also produced tremendous amounts of calcium which serves to glue together their mats, and upon dissolving these mats flooded the oceans with calcium thereby making it possible for bones and brains to evolve (Joseph 2009a,b).
If cyanobacteria and fungal eukaryotes are in fact thriving on Mars, then it can be predicted that cyanobacteria and eukaryotes may be flourishing on every Mars-like and Earth-like planet in this galaxy. If true this would mean that innumerable Earth-like planets may have also been terraformed by cyanobacteria and other microbial denizens dwelling on those worlds, giving rise to oxygen breathing creatures with bones and brains who emerged from the sea, crawling, walking, and with some species eventually standing upright on two legs. And it can be predicted that over the course of evolution on these alien planets, that those with bones and brains grew increasingly curious and intelligent and began pondering their own origins and the nature of existence, and that on at least some of these aliens worlds they may have turned their eyes to the heavens, seeking answers to that primordial question: Are we alone?
Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank Drs. Gil Levin, Barry Di Gregorio, and Harry Rabb, and the U.C. Berkeley reviewer who prefers to remain anonymous, for their helpful comments, insight, and input.
R. Joseph, Ph.D.
REFERENCES
Anitori, R. P. (2012). Extremophiles: Microbiology and Biotechnology. Caister Academic Press.
Bianciardi, G., Miller, J. D., Straat, P. A., Levin, G. V. (2012), Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments, Int'l J. of Aeronautical & Space Sci. 13(1), 14-26.
Blackwell M. (2011). The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species? American Journal of Botany 98 (3): 426-438.
Horneck, G., Becker, H., Reitz, G. (1994). Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space. Advances in Space Research, Volume 14, 41-45.
Horneck, G. Mileikowsky, C., Melosh, H. J., Wilson, J. W. Cucinotta F. A., Gladman, B. 2002. Viable Transfer of Microorganisms in the solar system and beyond, In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer.
Joseph, R. (2009a) Viruses, Bacteria, Archae, Eukaryotes, and the Evolution of Life, Journal of Cosmology, 1, 150-200.
Joseph, R. (2009b) Genes, Microbes, Metazoan Metamorphosis Cambrian Explosion and the Genetically Engineered Earth, Journal of Cosmology, 1, 201-250.
Joseph, R. (2010). The Biological Cosmology of Climate Change Journal of Cosmology, 8, 2000-2020.
Joseph, R. (2014). Apothecia on Mars? Cosmology, 17, January 17, 2014.
Levin, G. (1976a), The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results, Science, 194, 4260, 99-105.
Levin, G. (1976b), Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results, Science, 194, 1322-1329.
McKay, D. S., Gibson Jr., E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X.D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. (1996). Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science 273 (5277): 924-930.
McKay, D.S., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Clemett, S.J., Gibson Jr, E.K., Spencer, L. and Wentworth, S.J. (2009). "Life on Mars: new evidence from martian meteorites." Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions, 7441, 744102.
Moseley, B. E., Setlow, J. K. (1968). Transformation in Micrococcus radiodurans and the ultraviolet sensitivity of its transforming DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61(1):176-83.
Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J., Setlow, P. (2000). Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 548-572.
Osman, S., Peeters, Z., La Duc, M.T., Mancinelli, R., Ehrenfreund, P., Venkateswaran, K., (2008). Effect of shadowing on survival of bacteria under conditions simulating the Martian atmosphere and UV radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 959-970.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2009) Possible organosedimentary structures on Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology 8 (4): 267-280.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2011), Cyanobacteria on Terrestrial Meteorites and Stromatolites on Mars, Journal of Cosmology, 13, 15.
Rothschild, L.J., & Mancinelli, R.L. (2001) Life in extreme environments. Nature, 409, 1092-1101.
Thomas-Keprta K.L., Clemett S.J., Bazylinski D.A., Kirschvink J.L., McKay D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali H., and Gibson E.K., Romanek C.S. (2002) "Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3663-3672.
van Wolferen M, Ajon M, Driessen AJ, Albers SV. (2013). How hyperthermophiles adapt to change their lives: DNA exchange in extreme conditions. Extremophiles 17(4):545-63. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0552-6.
* "Contamination and Damage to the Mars Rovers by Martian Fungi and Bacteria" (2016, by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., with the assistance of Harry Rabb Kirkkonummi, Finland, cosmology.com/FungiContaminateMarsRovers.html) [archive.fo/YTaaO] [begin excerpt]:
Abstract -
It is well established that chemoautotrophs and Earthly fungi can contaminate and corrode metals, plastics, aluminum, and a variety of other substances. Fungi growing on the outside of the Russian Mir spacecraft were discovered to be corroding and destroying even the titanium windows, and rapidly multiplying. In May of 2016, it was reported that 40 Biologists with an expertise in fungus or lichens, had reached a consensus supporting a low to high probability of life on Mars, as based on an examination of specimens photographed by the rover teams (Joseph 2016). The results were statistically significant, and the majority of experts identified the Martian specimens as fungi. Coupled with the findings from the 1970s Mars Viking experiments and the discoveries of biological residue in three Martian meteorites in the 1990s by Mckay et al, it was predicted that NASA's Mars rovers may be contaminated with Martian bacteria and destructive Martian fungi. An examination of photos taken of the Mars rovers' decks and wheel wells supports this prediction. Martian bacteria and fungi have severely damaged the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels despite being driven for less than 10 miles across the Martian surface, and to have infiltrated the upper deck of the rovers Curiosity and Opportunity. The possible catastrophic consequences of transporting these Martian organisms to Earth, are detailed.Key Words: Mars, Martian fungus, Martian bacteria, Martian Mushrooms, Biodeterioration, Bio-Corrosion, Chemoautotrophs, Genetic Contamination, Planetary Protection
I. Life on Mars: Evidence That Martian Bacteria and Martian Fungi Have Contaminated and Damaged the Mars Rovers -
There is now considerable evidence that A) bacteria flourished on Mars millions and billions of years ago (Mckay et al 1996, 1997, 1999; Thomas-Keprta, et al., 2009); B) and that bacteria continue to thrive and reproduce on Mars (Levin & Straat, 1976, 1979, 2011); C) and that these Martian organisms include eukaryotes and mushroom-shaped fungus--as determined by scientists identified by their universities as experts in fungi (Joseph 2016). These Martian fungi have been photographed by NASA's Mars rovers growing out of the ground, shedding their outer skins, and sporing--findings which have led the authors to D) suspect that the rovers may be stimulating the growth of these organisms; and E) that the Mars rovers may be contaminated with Martian fungi and bacteria. F) An examination of photos taken of the rover Curiosity's and Opportunity's decks and the Curiosity's wheel wells supports this latter prediction. G) Martian fungi appear to be growing within and to have severely damaged the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels, and Martian fungi and bacteria appear to have infiltrated the upper decks of both rovers.
[...]
- image caption: Figure 10: Mars Sol 2813--Close up: contamination of the Rover, Opportunity, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
- image caption: Figure 11: Mars Sol 2813--Contamination of the Rover, Opportunity, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
- image caption: Figure 9A: Mars Sol 2718 (left) vs Sol 2813 (right)--Growth of bacteria and fungi on the Rover, Opportunity, after 95 (Martian) days on Mars--
- image caption: Figure 10: Mars Sol 1089--Contamination, corrosion, and infiltration of the Rover, Curiosity's Chem Cam deck, by Martian bacteria and mold/fungi.
[...]- image caption: Figure 12: Mars Sol 837-Bio-deterioration of the Rover, Curiosity's Chem Cam deck.
[...]Fungi found on the outside windows of the Mir space station have been described by Russian scientists, including microbiologist Natalia Novikova, as "dangerous," "disturbingly aggressive," and proved capable of corroding even the outside of the Mir's titanium quartz enamel encased windows (Cook 2000; Novikova, 2009, 2016). These fungi could eat metal. Moreover, these fungi had infiltrated the interior of the Mir and were destroying metal, wires, piping, and spreading through the craft. Russian scientist, Novikova, concluded that these fungi were too "dangerous" and too "virulent" to transport back to Earth, as there were fears they may combine with Earthly fungus creating a super fungus which "could wreck havoc" on this planet (Cook, 2000; Novikova, 2009, 2016).
Therefore, given evidence that bacteria thrived on Mars billions of years ago, and continue to thrive in the present, coupled with evidence that Martian fungi are also growing on Mars, it is not a surprise that Martian bacteria and fungi appear to have damaged the rovers.
- image caption: Figure 17: Fungi growing inside the Space Station; from Vesper, et al. (2008).
[...]C. Evidence of Contamination and Bio-Deterioration of the Mars Rover Curiosity's Aluminum Wheels -
As noted, aluminum can be severely damaged by fungi (Javaherdashti 2010; Little & Ray 2002). Each of the rover Curiosity's six wheels were machined from a single, solid block of aluminum, and are 40 centimeters (16 inches) wide and 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter and the "tires" treads (grousers) are spaced 15 degrees apart and protrude 7.5 millimeters outwards and are shaped like chevrons (see http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20334).
Despite extensive testing on Earth at nearly three times Mars gravity, once on Mars unexpected and after driving across just a few miles, unanticipated damage, including inexplicable tears, and gaping holes soon began to appear, and then to worsen, as based on later photos taken in 2013. The deterioration of the tires then accelerated as again documented on April 18, 2016--Sol 1,315-- by NASA's engineers and rover project managers (see http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA20334). The massive amount of damage and corrosion after driving less than 10 miles can only be due to bio-deterioration, and a close examination of the wheel wells reveals the presence of white fungal masses.
As reported on the NASA/JPL website, these aluminum wheels were extensively tested under rigorous and brutal Mars-like conditions, and it was established they could survive destructive touchdown scenarios as well as extensive driving over rough terrain consisting of hard pointed and spiked-shaped rocks with minimal damage consisting only of scratches on the surface.
However, once on Mars, the Curiosity's inner aluminum wheels wells became contaminated and caked with thick whitish/grayish substances which, based on a visual inspection, appear to resemble ice or fungi (see Figures 23 to 27). Soon thereafter, the Rover, Curiosity's aluminum wheels began to deteriorate, and large fissures and tears appeared. Some of these tears began coalesce, tearing toward one another, forming large gashes and gaping holes (see Figures 20-27).
- image caption: Figure 22: Severe damage to the Rover Curiosity's aluminum wheels, photographed on Sol 1,315 (April 18, 2016) (from NASA/JPL).
[...]
Fungi feast on bacteria, as well as on metals, plastics, and aluminum (Javaherdashti 2010; Little & Ray 2002). Fungi found growing on the Mir space craft, were discovered to be "eating" the ship from the outside in, and the inside out; even corroding the titanium windows.
The evidence presented in this report demonstrates that fungi, mold and microorganisms including sulphate reducing bacteria, appear to have contaminated, infiltrated, and corroded the Mars rovers Curiosity and Opportunity, and have severely weakened and damaged Curiosity's aluminum wheels. Given the debris scattering effect of the Rover's wheels and laser, it is likely the anterior aluminum wheels would suffer the greatest degree of contamination and subsequent damage by microorganisms; and this appears to be the case here.
III. Martian Life and NASA's Violations of the Public Trust: Contagion, Disease, Biodeterioration, Genetic Contamination, and the Biosphere -
NASA has displayed "willful ignorance" and "deliberate indifference" to the evidence for life on Mars; and as is policy, NASA has forcefully denied the evidence. As detailed in a Public Trust action filed by Dr. Joseph against NASA in 2016, NASA intends to transport Martian specimens to Earth, in the 2020s. NASA knows an informed public might panic at the prospect of Martian plagues and diseases, and the effect of Martian organisms on crops, trees, and the environment. Since NASA wishes to avoid any public hysteria, or oversight or interference by elected officials who will rightfully fear contagion and may cancel NASA's plans, NASA has chosen to ignore, impugn, censor, suppress, and deny the evidence of life on Mars--and instead has chosen to lie to the public and to claim "... it is highly unlikely that living organisms will be found on the samples...." and thus no reason for public oversight or concern. This is an incredibly dangerous lie as Martian bacteria and fungi will likely begin to corrode and eat their way through their metal canisters and then escape, spore, and contaminate the space capsule on its way back to Earth--and then, spores will escape and contaminate this planet.
The dangers are not limited to biodeterioration. Predatory fungi on Earth can infect, invade, and eat a living insect, fish, or amphibian from the inside-out and sprout from inside the living victims' heads (see Watkinson et al., 2016). Fungi also attack the human body, damaging the heart, lungs, liver, hands, toes, skin... conditions known as mycoses, and which is followed by gangrene as the body rots.
The dangers of contagion by extraterrestrial Martian organisms, don't end, or even begin, with plague and disease, but include the well-established genetic mechanism known as "horizontal gene transfer," via which bacteria and viruses can insert their genes into the genomes of other species, essentially hijacking the victim's DNA and often sickening, severely disabling, and at times killing the host. It is well-established that all Earthly life forms commonly exchange genes via horizontal gene transfer (Gogarten et al., 2009). Hence, it can be predicted that Martian viruses and bacteria will also exchange genes with Earthly-life forms thereby changing their biology and genetic machinery. And this in turn, can effect the crops and livestock we eat, and the trees and biological organisms which produce this planet's oxygen.
Half of Earth's oxygen is produced by microorganisms, whereas the other half is produced by trees and plants. However, microorganisms can also inject their genes into trees and plants, thereby hijacking their genome, and in so doing, changing the biology of the infected plant/tree so it produces completely different biological products and forcing it to behave according to the genetic instructions inserted by the invader. Agrobacterium, for example, carry the genetic instructions for unregulated cell growth and creates tumors which produce enzymes and amino acids called opines which are a nutrient for these bacteria but which are of no use to the plant. Thus, these invading bacteria subvert the plant's genetic machinery for its own ends. According to James Watson and colleagues (1992, p. 278). "The process of transfer from the bacterial cell to the plant cell is analogous to the process of biological conjugation; it is as though the Agrobacterium is mating with a plant cell!"
The unregulated transfer of Martian organisms to this planet, could be catastrophic, and via invasion, competition, infection, and the injection of Martian genes, alter every aspect of this planet's biosphere and the genomes of every living creature on Earth. It was for exactly these reasons that the Russians decided against transporting to Earth the "dangerously aggressively" fungi found outside the Mir space station: fear that these rapidly growing, mutated fungi would combine and share genes with Earthly fungi, thereby creating super-organisms which could destroy not just life, but metal, plastic, machinery, and eventually the infrastructure of civilization.
Fungi also destroy trees and plants which in turn, are responsible for producing half of the Earth's oxygen supply. These fungi invade the plant by burning a hole in their outer skin and invading the plant's breathing holes (stromata). Fungi which live in the soil can also destroy roots or block root-cells which conduct water from the soil to the plant. Entire crops have been destroyed by fungi leading to famine in effected areas.
As a worst case scenario: in addition to corrosive effects on metals, plastics, machinery and sickening and killing life on this planet, genes from Martian organisms and Martian viruses would be transferred into the genomes of species on Earth, thereby altering and destabilizing the genomes of all Earthly life--including those which contribute to the health of our environment and even the oxygen we breath-- and thus putting the well-being and survival of present and future generations at risk.
If Martian bacteria and fungi--which may be super-fungi given how they adapted to the harsh conditions of Mars--are transported to Earth (while simultaneously being exposed to mutagenic radiation during the journey) and just a few spores escape, or infect a technician, or samples are illegally sold or stolen --and widespread theft and the cover up of these thefts by NASA is what happened to many of the moon rocks as determined by NASA's Inspector General (Office of Inspector General, NASA 2011)--the consequences may be catastrophic.
NASA's "willful ignorance" and "deliberate indifference" to the evidence for life on Mars, shocks the conscience. In a worse case scenario, by transporting these Martian organisms to Earth, NASA may put all life on Earth in peril, and then lie about it.
About Rhawn Gabriel Joseph: Dr. Joseph began his scientific career in the 1970s when he proved and published what were then, major discoveries: 1) neuroplasticity and recovery of function in the primate brain, 2) the hormonal basis of sex differences, 3) early environmental influences on primate brain neuronal-synaptic connections and neural-perceptual development in primate, 4) the effects of enriched vs deprived environmental influences on intelligence, memory, learning and curiosity (see, for example, Joseph 1978, 1980, Joseph et al. 1978, 1979; Joseph & Gallagher, 1980; Joseph & Casagrande 1978, 1980; Casagrande & Joseph 1978, 1980). Dr. Joseph went on to make numerous major scientific discoveries; most of his research has been self-funded; and his work has been replicated many times.
REFERENCES
Anitori, R. P. (2012). Extremophiles: Microbiology and Biotechnology. Caister Academic Press.
Bianciardi, G., Miller, J. D., Straat, P. A., Levin, G. V. (2012), Complexity Analysis of the Viking Labeled Release Experiments, Int'l J. of Aeronautical & Space Sci. 13(1), 14-26.
Blackwell M. (2011). The Fungi: 1, 2, 3 ... 5.1 million species? American Journal of Botany 98 (3): 426-438.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1978). Effects of monocular deprivation on geniculostriate connections in prosimian primates. Anatomical Record, 190, 359.
Cook, R. (2000). Fungi on the outside of the Mir Space Station. Boston Globe, 10/1/2000.
David, L. (2016) Wheel Worries: Mars Rover Curiosity Dealing With Damage, Space.com, July 6, 2015.
Gogarten, M. B. et al. (2009) Horizontal Gene Transfer: Genomes in Flux (Methods in Molecular Biology), Humana Press.
Hays, J.N. (2006) Epidemics and Pandemics. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 2006 82-83.
Horneck, G., Becker, H., Reitz, G. (1994). Long-term survival of bacterial spores in space. Advances in Space Research, Volume 14, 41-45.
Horneck, G. Mileikowsky, C., Melosh, H. J., Wilson, J. W. Cucinotta F. A., Gladman, B. 2002. Viable Transfer of Microorganisms in the solar system and beyond, In G. Horneck & C. Baumstark-Khan. Astrobiology, Springer.
Javaherdashti, R. (2010), Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Springer 2010.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1978). Effects of monocular deprivation on geniculostriate connections in prosimian primates. Anatomical Record, 190, 359.
Casagrande, V. A. & Joseph, R. (1980). Morphological effects of monocular deprivation and recovery on the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in prosimian primates. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 194, 413-426.
Joseph, R. (1979). Effects of rearing environment and sex on learning, memory, and competitive exploration. Journal of Psychology, 101, 37-43.
Joseph, R. (2016). A Low to High Probability of Life on Mars. Cosmology.com, May, 2016, Cosmology, 25, 1-25. http://Cosmology.com/LifeOnMarsStudy1.html
Joseph v NASA (2016): Public Trust Action. Case Number: CV 16 5142; Federal District Court, Northern California.
Joseph, R., & Casagrande, V. A. (1978). Visual field defects and morphological changes resulting from monocular deprivation in primates. Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience, 4, 1982.
Joseph, R. & Casagrande, V. A. (1978). Visual field defects and recovery following lid closure in a prosimian primate. Behavioral Brain Research, 1, 150-178.
Joseph, R., Forrest, N., Fiducia, N., Como, P., & Siegel, J. (1980). Electrophysiological and behavioral correlates of arousal. Physiological Psychology, 9, 90-95.
Joseph, R., & Gallagher, R. E. (1980). Gender and early environmental influences on learning, memory, activity, overresponsiveness, and exploration. journal of Developmental Psychobiology, 13, 527-544.
Joseph, R., Hess, S., & Birecree, E. (1978). Effects of sex hormone manipulations on exploration and sex differences... Behavioral Biology, 24, 364-377.
Joseph, R. (1997). The Evolution of Life on Other Planets: The Origin of Life and Evolutionary Metamorphosis. University Press, California.
Joseph, R. (2000). Astrobiology, the Origin of Life, and the Death of Darwinism. University Press California.
Joseph, R. (2009). Life on Earth, Came From Other Planets. Journal of Cosmology, 1, 1-56.
Joseph, R. (2009). The First Earthlings, ExtraTerrestrial Horizontal Gene Transfer, Interplanetary Genetic Messengers, the Genetics of Eukaryogenesis and Mitochondria Metamorphosis. Journal of Cosmology, 1, 100-149.
Joseph, R. (2010). The Origin of Eukaryotes: Archae, Bacteria, Viruses and Horizontal Gene Transfer In Abiogenesis and the Origins of Life, edited by Michael. Russell, Cosmology Science Publishers, Cambridge. MA.
Joseph, R. (2012). Evidence for Extraterrestrial Extremophiles and Plasmas in the Thermosphere Cosmology, 3/9/2012, 23-52.
Joseph, R. (2016). A High Probability of Life on Mars: Biologists' Top Five Candidates For Martian Life, Cosmology, 25, 1-25.
Joseph, R. V NASA et al (2016). Plaintiffs' Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief. Constitutional Rights and Public Trust Action. United States District Court Northern District of California. CV 16 5142.
Joseph, R., and Schild, R. (2010). Biological Cosmology and the Origins of Life in the Universe. Journal of Cosmology, 5, 1040-1090.
Joseph, R. & Wickramasinghe, C (2010). Diseases from Space. In "The Biological Big Bang," Edited by Chandra Wickramasinghe, Science Publishers, Cambridge, MA
Joseph, R. & Wickramasinghe, N. C., (2011).Genetics Indicates Extraterrestrial Origins for Life: The First Gene Journal of Cosmology, 2011, Vol. 16.
Lakdawalla, E. (2014). Curiosity Wheel Damage: The Problem and Solutions, Planetary Society, 8/19/2014)
Little, B., Ray, R. (2002). The Role of Fungi in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529
Levin, G. (1976a), The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results, Science, 194, 4260, 99-105.
Levin, G. (1976b), Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results, Science, 194, 1322-1329.
McKay, D. S., Gibson Jr., E. K., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Vali, H., Romanek, C. S., Clemett, S. J., Chillier, X.D. F., Maechling, C. R., Zare, R. N. (1996). Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001. Science 273 (5277): 924-930.
McKay, D.S., Thomas-Keprta, K.L., Clemett, S.J., Gibson Jr, E.K., Spencer, L. and Wentworth, S.J. (2009). "Life on Mars: new evidence from martian meteorites." Instruments and Methods for Astrobiology and Planetary Missions, 7441, 744102.
Moseley, B. E., Setlow, J. K. (1968). Transformation in Micrococcus radiodurans and the ultraviolet sensitivity of its transforming DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61(1):176-83.
Nicholson, W. L., Munakata, N., Horneck, G., Melosh, H. J., Setlow, P. (2000). Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 548-572.
Novikova, N (2009) Mirobiological research onboard the ISS, Planetary Protection. The Microbiological Factor of Space Flight. Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia.
Novikova, N (2016). Long-term spaceflight and microbiological safety issues. Space Journal, https://room.eu.com/article/long-term-spaceflight-and-microbiological-safety-issues
Office of Inspector General, NASA (2001) Nasa's Management Of Moon Rocks And Other Astromaterials Loaned For Research, Education, And Public Display Https:// Oig.Nasa.Gov/Audits/Reports/Fy12/Ig-12-007.Pdf
Osman, S., Peeters, Z., La Duc, M.T., Mancinelli, R., Ehrenfreund, P., Venkateswaran, K., (2008). Effect of shadowing on survival of bacteria under conditions simulating the Martian atmosphere and UV radiation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, 959-970.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2009) Possible organosedimentary structures on Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology 8 (4): 267-280.
Rizzo, V., & Cantasano, N. (2011), Cyanobacteria on Terrestrial Meteorites and Stromatolites on Mars, Journal of Cosmology, 13, 15.
Rothschild, L.J., & Mancinelli, R.L. (2001) Life in extreme environments. Nature, 409, 1092-1101.
Thomas-Keprta K.L., Clemett S.J., Bazylinski D.A., Kirschvink J.L., McKay D.S., Wentworth S.J., Vali H., and Gibson E.K., Romanek C.S. (2002) "Magnetofossils from Ancient Mars: A Robust Biosignature in the Martian Meteorite ALH84001." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3663-3672.
van Wolferen M, Ajon M, Driessen AJ, Albers SV. (2013). How hyperthermophiles adapt to change their lives: DNA exchange in extreme conditions. Extremophiles 17(4):545-63. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0552-6.
Vesper, S.J., W. Wong, C.M. Kuo and D.L. Pierson. (2008). Mold species in dust from the International Space Station identified and quantified by mold-specific quantitative PCR. Research in Microbiology. 159: 432-435.
Watson, J. D., Gilman, M., Witkowksi, J., & Zoller, M. (1992). Recombinant DNA. Scientific American Books, NY
* "Mars, Evolution, Algae, Anomalies, Bones, Skulls, Skeletons, Magnetic Fields, Martians" (by Rhawn Gabriel Joseph, Ph.D., cosmology.com/MarsEvolutionLife.html) [archive.fo/mdq9w]
===*===*===
Ancient News
* "Earliest Modern European had a close Neandertal ancestor" (2015-06-22, q-mag.org/earliest-modern-european-had-a-close-neandertal-ancestor.html) [archive.is/5auGz]
* "Putting on a brave face: ‘Denise’ offers us our first look at the long-lost Denisovan race" (2019-09-20, rt.com/news/469248-denisovan-denise-face-revealed/) [archive.is/8DDBZ]
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* "In Sight of Doggerland: from speculative survey to landscape exploration" (by Simon Fitch, Vince Gaffney and Ken Thompson, q-mag.org/_iserv/dlfiles/dl.php?ddl=doggerlandfitch-in-sight-of-doggerland-internet-archaeology-22-libre.pdf) (download only) [is.gd/UTA9rS]
The North Sea has long been known by archaeologists as an area of Mesolithic occupation, and has even been argued as the heartland of the Mesolithic in North Western Europe. Yet this area remains effectively terra incognita to archaeologists, and the nature of its occupation, tantalisingly elusive. The submergence of this landscape has therefore effectively hindered archaeological research into this vitally important region. Yet this region contains one of the most detailed and comprehensive records of the Late Quaternary and Holocene, and its preserved sedimentary successions represent a mine of information that remains untapped by archaeologists. However the lack of direct data pertaining to this region results in all previous maps of the prehistoric landscape being at best hypothetical.
* "A Stone Ax from Doggerland" 2013-06-16, spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/doggerland-artefakte-finden-sich-in-der-nordsee-a-905737.html) [archive.fo/RtDEv], (translation by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/a-stone-ax-from-doggerland.html) [archive.fo/BhNhA]
* "Blood-red flint tools - souvenirs of Doggerland?" (2015-05-21, by Angelika Frantz, Der Spiegel; Translated and adapted by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/blood-red-flint-tools-souvenirs-of-doggerland.html) [archive.fo/WrQLl] [begin excerpt]: The end of Doggerland -
Yet the ax was not found in Heligoland, but on the Wehrberg near Duhnen, close to the city of Cuxhaven. From the mouth of the Elbe River, where Cuxhaven is situated, there are 62 kilometers all the way to Heligoland. If you want to reach the island from land, you must cross a considerable stretch of open water – without any sight-contact with landfeatures. „How humans could have done this in the Neolithic, we don’t know,“ Nösler admits, "nor how the ships were built, which they used to cross the sea."
Yet there was also a time when Heligoland could be reached by foot when, during the last ice-age, a lot of water was still locked up in glaciers and the sea level lay 110 meters lower than today. Then, between England, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark stretched Doggerland, home of Mesolithic peoples.
The final destruction came in the form of a gigantic tsunami, the Störegga landslide. Doggerland was no more. Only the tip of Doggerland’s highest mountain still stuck out of the water. „We have already found red flint on today’s terra firma which is dating back from before the sinking of Doggerland,“ says Nösler. "The very oldest piece is over 12,000 years old and was found in Volkmarshausen in the district of Göttingen – at a distance of 330 kilometers von Heligoland." [end excerpt]
* "Heligoland flint - an exotic commodity in the Nordic Stone- Bronze- and Iron Ages" (2012, nihk.de//downloads/5/helgolandflint_d.pdf) [is.gd/0GEbBN], (excerpts translated by Anne-Marie de Grazia) [archive.fo/WrQLl#selection-775.0-775.81]
* "Lost forest of Doggerland found by divers under the North Sea" (q-mag.org/lost-forest-of-doggerland-found-by-divers-under-the-north-sea.html) [archive.is/8JGAD]
* "Doggerland died at the end of Fall" (2015-01-13, by Axel Bojanowski, spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/tsunami-in-nordsee-storegga-rutschung-traf-menschen-in-steinzeit-a-1011946.html) [archive.fo/9FRbn], (Translated and adapted from the German by Anne-Marie de Grazia, q-mag.org/moss-betrays-the-season-of-the-storegga-event.html) [archive.fo/Y20p2]
* "Moss growth patterns and timing of human exposure to a Mesolithic tsunami in the North Atlantic" (2015-02-01, pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/43/2/111/131755/moss-growth-patterns-and-timing-of-human-exposure?redirectedFrom=fulltext) [archive.fo/MgkA2]
Knut Rydgren and Stein Bondevik
Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, P.O. Box 133, N-6851 Sogndal, Norway
Abstract:
The Storegga tsunami, triggered ∼8150 yr ago by one of the largest submarine slides on Earth, flooded margins of the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea that were occupied by Mesolithic peoples. Sand deposits of Storegga age overlie the remains of coastal settlements in Norway and Scotland. The resulting casualties, however, depend on the season when the tsunami struck. Human exposure would have been least in summer and early autumn, when Mesolithic peoples went to the mountains to hunt reindeer. The hunters returned to the coast in late autumn to settle into their winter quarters. Here we use moss stems to show that the Storegga tsunami happened in late autumn. The Storegga tsunami deposits contain samples of the moss Hylocomium splendens. Some of these stems retain green color and chlorophyll that imply burial alive. H. splendens has a characteristic growth cycle where new segments branch off from previous year's growth. The Storegga mosses have segments more mature than those of modern July and August samples, but as mature as those from October through December. The enormous Storegga tsunami thus occurred late enough in the year to have reached a large fraction of the people then inhabiting western Norway and northeast Scotland. For those who survived the tsunami, the loss and destruction of dwellings, boats, equipment, and supplies must have made the following winter very difficult.
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* "Agricultural Origins and the Garden of Eden - Levantine Corridor Hypothesis; Summary of Evidence Supporting the First Domestication of Crops and Animals in the Levantine Corridor close to Mt Hermon, Southern Lebanon" (O’Brien 1984) (http://www.britishwildlifemanagement.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=381:agricultural-origins-and-the-garden-of-eden-levantine-corridor-hypothesis-o-brien-1984&catid=109&Itemid=978)
- videos [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTrwBI8SvLg] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAc7nnIWVyg]
- powerpoint presentation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMgBdGrkYvY]
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* "The Spectacular Ancient Megaliths of the Ural Mountains" (2014-12-31, ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/spectacular-ancient-megaliths-ural-mountains-002517) [archive.is/vV6jW]
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* "Slovakian News Agency sheds light on Syria’s civilization and history" (2019-09-19, sana.sy/en/?p=173668) [archive.fo/5xuAu]
* "Safita archeological tower… a unique architectural style" (2019-09-17, sana.sy/en/?p=173515) [archive.is/MmCQe]
* "A French tourist group visits archeological city of Palmyra" (2019-09-20, sana.sy/en/?p=173728) [archive.fo/THgmB]
* "French tourists from Palmyra: What enemies of culture have done unforgivable crime" (2019-09-20, sana.sy/en/?p=173755) [archive.fo/64xRv]
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Vijaya Nagara, India
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* "Mexico Denounces 'Illegal' Auction of Precolumbian Art in Paris; The collection includes sculptures, masks and religious artefacts from before 1000 B.C. up to the 18th century A.D." (2019-09-18, telesurenglish.net/news/Mexico-Denounces-Illegal-Auction-of-Precolumbian-Art-in-Paris-20190918-0019.html) [archive.is/CzzSX]
- image caption: A stone kneeling figure of the goddess of fertility and land Coatlicue, one of pre-Columbian artefacts, is presented to the press at Drouot auction house in Paris, France, September 18, 2019.
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* "Were dragons the surviving species of the Jurassic era or were they just a myth?" Q&A thread (answer by Robert Brennan, M.Ed. from Suffolk University, via quora.com/Were-dragons-the-surviving-species-of-the-Jurassic-era-or-were-they-just-a-myth) [archive.is/GRf4i]
* "Free On Line E-Book: Tracking the Sauropod Dinosaur Through the Art of Ancient Peoples; Part 2-This Time it’s About the Science" (2009-08-09, new.s8int.com/2009/08/09/free-on-line-e-booktracking-the-sauropod-dinosaur-through-the-art-of-ancient-peoples-part-2-this-time-its-about-the-science/) [archive.is/1XGqk], e-book (calameo.com/books/0000595108d63d3f4eae0)
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Curiata
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* "Woman who cries CRYSTALS instead of tears baffles doctors" (2019-09-21, rt.com/news/469327-woman-cries-crystal-tears/) [archive.fo/D50BK]
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* "Man has extremely rare ‘devil’s horn’ surgically removed in India" (2019-09-18, rt.com/news/469082-devil-horn-removed-india/) [archive.is/JjSJN]
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* "Mystery behind China’s ‘Loch Ness monster’ has finally been revealed… or has it?" (2019-09-19, rt.com/news/469160-china-loch-ness-monster/) [archive.is/4ac1d]
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* "DNA ‘echoes’ of ancient viruses could help to kill cancer, new research finds" (2019-09-21, rt.com/news/469314-ancient-virus-cancer-killers/) [archive.fo/trXPK]
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